Experimental evaluation of coverage distance and energy consumption of IoT sensors using LoRa

Abstract

In the modern world of rapidly expanding Internet of Things (IoT) applications, LoRa (Long Range) technology has emerged as a crucial solution for enabling long- distance, low-power wireless communication. Its ability to support a wide range of IoT devices, from environmental monitoring sensors to smart agricultural systems, makes it an essential technology for building connected, data-driven infrastructures. LoRa unique features, such as extended range, low-energy consumption, and cost-effectiveness, makes it highly relevant in addressing modern challenges of communication in both urban and rural areas.

The thesis explores the performance of LoRa wireless communication, focusing on coverage range and energy consumption in both rural and urban environments using a low-cost LoRa module. Through practical experiments, the study assesses the range of the module under varying Physical layer parameters and investigates energy consumption patterns, particularly in idle mode and during transmission. Results show reliable short and medium range communication at higher spreading factor and limitations beyond 1000 metres. The research highlights the trade-off between energy efficiency and coverage, emphasizing the need for low-power modes to extend battery life in LoRa-based systems.