Wavefield modeling and signal processing for sensor arrays of arbitrary geometry
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School of Electrical Engineering |
Doctoral thesis (article-based)
| Defence date: 2013-11-01
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Date
2013
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Mcode
Degree programme
Language
en
Pages
204
Series
Aalto University publication series DOCTORAL DISSERTATIONS, 149/2013
Abstract
Sensor arrays and related signal processing methods are key technologies in many areas of engineering including wireless communication systems, radar and sonar as well as in biomedical applications. Sensor arrays are a collection of sensors that are placed at distinct locations in order to sense physical phenomena or synthesize wavefields. Spatial processing from the multichannel output of the sensor array is a typical task. Such processing is useful in areas including wireless communications, radar, surveillance and indoor positioning. In this dissertation, fundamental theory and practical methods of wavefield modeling for radio-frequency array processing applications are developed. Also, computationally-efficient high-resolution and optimal signal processing methods for sensor arrays of arbitrary geometry are proposed. Methods for taking into account array nonidealities are introduced as well. Numerical results illustrating the performance of the proposed methods are given using real-world antenna arrays. Wavefield modeling and manifold separation for vector-fields such as completely polarized electromagnetic wavefields and polarization sensitive arrays are proposed. Wavefield modeling is used for writing the array output in terms of two independent parts, namely the sampling matrix depending on the employed array including nonidealities and the coefficient vector depending on the wavefield. The superexponentially decaying property of the sampling matrix for polarization sensitive arrays is established. Two estimators of the sampling matrix from calibration measurements are proposed and their statistical properties are established. The array processing methods developed in this dissertation concentrate on polarimetric beamforming as well as on high-resolution and optimal azimuth, elevation and polarization parameter estimation. The proposed methods take into account array nonidealities such as mutual coupling, cross-polarization effects and mounting platform reflections. Computationally-efficient solutions based on polynomial rooting techniques and fast Fourier transform are achieved without restricting the proposed methods to regular array geometries. A novel expression for the Cramér-Rao bound in array processing that is tight for real-world arrays with nonidealities in the asymptotic regime is also proposed. A relationship between spherical harmonics and 2-D Fourier basis, called equivalence matrix, is established. A novel fast spherical harmonic transform is proposed, and a one-to-one mapping between spherical harmonic and 2-D Fourier spectra is found. Improvements to the minimum number of samples on the sphere that are needed in order to avoid aliasing are also proposed.Description
Supervising professor
Koivunen, Visa, Academy Prof., Aalto University, Department of Signal Processing and Acoustics, FinlandThesis advisor
Koivunen, Visa, Academy Prof., Aalto University, Department of Signal Processing and Acoustics, FinlandKeywords
sensor array signal processing, parameter estimation, beamforming, manifold separation, harmonic analysis, array calibration, array nonidealities
Other note
Parts
- [Publication 1]: M. Costa, A. Richter, F. Belloni, and V. Koivunen, ”Polynomial rooting-based direction finding for arbitrary array configurations,“ in Proceeding of the 5th IEEE Sensor Array and Multichannel Signal Processing Workshop (SAM), pp. 58-62, Darmstadt, Germany, July 21-23, 2008.
- [Publication 2]: M. Costa, A. Richter, and V. Koivunen, ”Low complexity azimuth and elevation estimation for arbitrary array configurations,“ in Proceeding of the IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing (ICASSP), pp. 2185-2188, Taipei, Taiwan, April 19-24, 2009.
- [Publication 3]: M. Costa, A. Richter, and V. Koivunen, ”Azimuth, elevation, and polarization estimation for arbitrary polarimetric array configurations,“ in Proceeding of the 15th IEEE Workshop on Statistical Signal Processing (SSP), pp. 261-264, Cardiff, Wales, August 31-September 3, 2009.
- [Publication 4]: M. Costa, A. Richter, and V. Koivunen, ”Unifying spherical harmonic and 2-D Fourier decompositions of the array manifold,“ in Proceeding of the 43rd Asilomar Conference on Signals, Systems, and Computers, pp. 99-103, Pacific Grove, CA, USA, November 1-4, 2009.
- [Publication 5]: M. Costa, A. Richter, and V. Koivunen, ”Unified array manifold decomposition based on spherical harmonics and 2-D Fourier basis,“ IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing, vol. 58, no. 9, pp. 4634-4645, September, 2010.
- [Publication 6]: M. Costa, A. Richter, and V. Koivunen, ”Steering vector modeling for polarimetric arrays of arbitrary geometry,“ in Proceeding of the 6th IEEE Sensor Array and Multichannel Signal Processing Workshop (SAM), pp. 265-268, Kibutz, Israel, October 4-7, 2010.
- [Publication 7]: M. Costa, A. Richter, and V. Koivunen, ”DoA and polarization estimation for arbitrary array configurations,“ IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing, vol. 60, no. 5, pp. 2330-2343, May, 2012.
- [Publication 8]: M. Costa and V. Koivunen, ”Incorporating array nonidealities into adaptive Capon beamformer for source tracking,“ in Proceeding of the 7th IEEE Workshop on Sensor Array and Multichannel Signal Processing (SAM), pp. 445-448, Hoboken, New Jersey, June 17-20, 2012.