Adaptive Loudness Compensation in Music Listening

Abstract

The need for loudness compensation is a well known fact arising from the nonlinear behavior of human sound perception. Music and other sounds are mixed and mastered at a certain loudness level, usually louder than the level at which they are commonly played. This implies a change in the perceived spectral balance of the sound, which is largest in the low-frequency range. As the volume setting in music playing is decreased, a loudness compensation filter can be used to boost the bass appropriately, so that the low frequencies are still heard well and the perceived spectral balance is preserved. The present paper proposes a loudness compensation function derived from the standard equal-loudness-level contours and its implementation via a digital first-order shelving filter. Results of a formal listening test validate the accuracy of the proposed method.