Molecular Mechanisms Involved in the Ageing of Protein Condensates

Abstract

Protein condensates, formed through liquid-liquid phase separation, continuously cement their importance in cellular organisation and regulation. However, their long-term stability is challenged by ageing, a process in which condensates transition from liquid-like to gel-like or solid-like states with deep functional and pathological implications. This thesis reviews current research on condensate ageing, starting with the fundamentals of phase separation and the roles of protein condensates in cells. It then assesses the scope of experimental and computational techniques used to explain their behaviour. Furthermore, biological systems, environmental factors and intrinsic properties are taken into consideration. Subsequently, the thesis discusses the findings which shape our understanding of protein condensate behaviour and outlines future outlooks for research.