Geodetic SAR for Height System Unification and Sea Level Research—Results in the Baltic Sea Test Network
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A1 Alkuperäisartikkeli tieteellisessä aikakauslehdessä
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Date
2022-07-01
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Language
en
Pages
33
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Remote Sensing, Volume 14, issue 14
Abstract
Coastal sea level is observed at tide gauge stations, which usually also serve as height reference stations for national networks. One of the main issues with using tide gauge data for sea level research is that only a few stations are connected to permanent GNSS stations needed to correct for vertical land motion. As a new observation technique, absolute positioning by SAR using off the shelf active radar transponders can be installed instead. SAR data for the year 2020 are collected at 12 stations in the Baltic Sea area, which are co-located to tide gauges or permanent GNSS stations. From the SAR data, 3D coordinates are estimated and jointly analyzed with GNSS data, tide gauge records and regional geoid height estimates. The obtained results are promising but also exhibit some problems related to the electronic transponders and their performance. At co-located GNSS stations, the estimated ellipsoidal heights agree in a range between about 2 and 50 cm for both observation systems. From the results, it can be identified that, most likely, variable systematic electronic instrument delays are the main reason, and that each transponder instrument needs to be calibrated individually. Nevertheless, the project provides a valuable data set, which offers the pos-sibility of enhancing methods and procedures in order to develop a geodetic SAR positioning technique towards operability.Description
Funding Information: Funding: This research partially was funded by European Space Agency (ESA), grant number 4000126830/19/I-BG. Tallinn University of Technology research is partly funded by the Estonian Science Council grant PRG330. The APC was funded by the University Library of Technical University of Munich via the Open-Access publication fund. Publisher Copyright: © 2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.
Keywords
geodetic SAR positioning, geoid, GNSS, GOCE, height system unification, sea level, Sentinel-1, tide gauge
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Citation
Gruber , T , Ågren , J , Angermann , D , Ellmann , A , Engfeldt , A , Gisinger , C , Jaworski , L , Kur , T , Marila , S , Nastula , J , Nilfouroushan , F , Nordman , M , Poutanen , M , Saari , T , Schlaak , M , Świątek , A , Varbla , S & Zdunek , R 2022 , ' Geodetic SAR for Height System Unification and Sea Level Research—Results in the Baltic Sea Test Network ' , Remote Sensing , vol. 14 , no. 14 , 3250 . https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14143250