Data-Efficient Automatic Shaping of Liquid Droplets on an Air-Ferrofluid Interface with Bayesian Optimization

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A1 Alkuperäisartikkeli tieteellisessä aikakauslehdessä
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Authors

Date

2025

Department

Department of Electrical Engineering and Automation

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Mcode

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Language

en

Pages

7

Series

IEEE Robotics and Automation Letters, Volume 10, issue 12, pp. 12860-12866

Abstract

Manipulating the shape of a liquid droplet is essential for a wide range of applications in medicine and industry. However, existing methods are typically limited to generating simple shapes, such as ellipses, or rely on predefined templates. Although recent approaches have demonstrated more complex geometries, they remain constrained by limited adaptability and lack of real-time control. Here, we introduce a data-efficient method that enables real-time, programmable shaping of nonmagnetic liquid droplets into diverse target forms at the air-ferrofluid interface using Bayesian optimization. The droplet can adopt either convex or concave shapes depending on the actuation of the surrounding electromagnets. Bayesian optimization determines the optimal magnetic flux density for shaping the liquid droplet into a desired target shape. Our method enables automatic shaping into various triangular and rectangular shapes with a maximum shape error of 0.81 mm, as well as into letter-like patterns. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first demonstration of real-time, automatic shaping of nonmagnetic liquid droplets into desired target shapes using magnetic fields or other external energy fields.

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Publisher Copyright: © 2016 IEEE.

Keywords

Bayesian optimization, air-liquid interface, data-efficient, electromagnet, liquid shaping, Liquid shaping

Other note

DOI

10.1109/LRA.2025.3625494

Citation

Patikiri Arachchige, D & Zhou, Q 2025, 'Data-Efficient Automatic Shaping of Liquid Droplets on an Air-Ferrofluid Interface with Bayesian Optimization', IEEE Robotics and Automation Letters, vol. 10, no. 12, pp. 12860-12866. https://doi.org/10.1109/LRA.2025.3625494

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https://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi:aalto-202511198812

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[article-cris] Sähkötekniikan korkeakoulu / ELEC