Direct observation of a dynamical glass transition in a nanomagnetic artificial Hopfield network
No Thumbnail Available
Access rights
openAccess
Journal Title
Journal ISSN
Volume Title
A1 Alkuperäisartikkeli tieteellisessä aikakauslehdessä
This publication is imported from Aalto University research portal.
View publication in the Research portal
Other link related to publication
View publication in the Research portal
Other link related to publication
Date
2022-05
Department
Major/Subject
Mcode
Degree programme
Language
en
Pages
Series
Nature Physics
Abstract
Spin glasses, generally defined as disordered systems with randomized competing interactions1,2, are a widely investigated complex system. Theoretical models describing spin glasses are broadly used in other complex systems, such as those describing brain function3,4, error-correcting codes5 or stock-market dynamics6. This wide interest in spin glasses provides strong motivation to generate an artificial spin glass within the framework of artificial spin ice systems7–9. Here we present the experimental realization of an artificial spin glass consisting of dipolar coupled single-domain Ising-type nanomagnets arranged onto an interaction network that replicates the aspects of a Hopfield neural network10. Using cryogenic X-ray photoemission electron microscopy (XPEEM), we performed temperature-dependent imaging of thermally driven moment fluctuations within these networks and observed characteristic features of a two-dimensional Ising spin glass. Specifically, the temperature dependence of the spin glass correlation function follows a power-law trend predicted from theoretical models on two-dimensional spin glasses11. Furthermore, we observe clear signatures of the hard-to-observe rugged spin glass free energy1 in the form of sub-aging, out-of-equilibrium autocorrelations12 and a transition from stable to unstable dynamics1,13.Description
| openaire: EC/H2020/737093/EU//FEMTOTERABYTE Funding Information: We thank A.P. Young for fruitful discussions on estimating the spin glass correlation function’s unbiased estimator. A.F. and K.H. acknowledge support from the Swiss National Science Foundation (projects nos. 174306 and 172774, respectively). Funding was also received from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement no. 737093, FEMTOTERABYTE. S.v.D. acknowledges support from the Academy of Finland (project no. 316857). M.S. acknowledges the support of the Centre for Nonlinear Studies and Theory Division at Los Alamos (grants nos. PRD20190195 and LA-UR-21-27055). F.C. was also financed via DOE-LDRD grants nos. PRD20170660 and PRD20190195. Part of this project was performed at the SIM Beamline of the Swiss Light Source, Paul Scherrer Institute, Switzerland. Samples were fabricated at the Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, USA. The Molecular Foundry is supported by theOffice of Science, Office of Basic Energy Sciences, of the US Department of Energy under contract no. DE-AC02-05CH11231. Publisher Copyright: © 2022, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Limited.
Keywords
Other note
Citation
Saccone, M, Caravelli, F, Hofhuis, K, Parchenko, S, Birkhölzer, Y A, Dhuey, S, Kleibert, A, van Dijken, S, Nisoli, C & Farhan, A 2022, ' Direct observation of a dynamical glass transition in a nanomagnetic artificial Hopfield network ', Nature Physics, vol. 18, no. 5, pp. 517-521 . https://doi.org/10.1038/s41567-022-01538-7
