High-resolution 3D printing of xanthan gum/nanocellulose bio-inks

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Volume Title

A1 Alkuperäisartikkeli tieteellisessä aikakauslehdessä

Date

2022-06-01

Department

Department of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering
Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems

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Language

en

Pages

2020-2031

Series

International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, Volume 209, issue B

Abstract

The current study provides a comprehensive rheology study and a survey on direct ink writing of xanthan gum/cellulose nanocrystal (XG/CNC) bio-inks for developing 3D geometries that mimic soft tissue engineering scaffolds' physical and mechanical properties. The presence of CNC was found to be a critical prerequisite for the printability of XG bio-inks; accordingly, the hybrid XG/CNC bio-inks revealed the excellent viscoelastic properties that enabled precise control of hydrogel shaping and printing of lattice structures composed of up to eleven layers with high fidelity and fair resolution without any deformation after printing. The lyophilized 3D scaffolds presented a porous structure with open and interconnected pores and a porosity higher than 70%, vital features for tissue engineering scaffolds. Moreover, they showed a relatively high swelling of approximately 11 g/g, facilitating oxygen and nutrient exchange. Furthermore, the elastic and compressive moduli of the scaffolds that enhanced significantly upon increasing CNC content were in the range of a few kPa, similar to soft tissues. Finally, no significant cell cytotoxicity was observed against human liver cancer cells (HepG2), highlighting the potential of these developed 3D printed scaffolds for soft tissue engineering applications.

Description

The authors would like to acknowledge the Academy of Finland funding; No. 327248 (ValueBiomat) and 327865 (Bioeconomy). This work was a part of the Academy of Finland's Flagship Programme under Projects No. 318890 and 318891 (Competence Center for Materials Bioeconomy, FinnCERES). The authors would also like to thank the Biohybrid Materials Research Group (Aalto University) for providing the HepG2 cells.

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Citation

Baniasadi, H, Kimiaei, E, Teixeira Polez, R, Ajdary, R, Rojas Gaona, O, Österberg, M & Seppälä, J 2022, ' High-resolution 3D printing of xanthan gum/nanocellulose bio-inks ', International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, vol. 209, no. B, pp. 2020-2031 . https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.04.183