Performance assessment of reference modelling methods for defect evaluation in asphalt concrete
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A1 Alkuperäisartikkeli tieteellisessä aikakauslehdessä
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Date
2021-12-01
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Mcode
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Language
en
Pages
24
Series
Sensors, Volume 21, issue 24
Abstract
The deterioration of road conditions and increasing repair deficits pose challenges for the maintenance of reliable road infrastructure, and thus threaten, for example, safety and the fluent flow of traffic. Improved and more efficient procedures for maintenance are required, and these require improved knowledge of road conditions, i.e., improved data. Three-dimensional mapping presents possibilities for large-scale collection of data on road surfaces and automatic evaluation of maintenance needs. However, the development and, specifically, evaluation of large-scale mobile methods requires reliable references. To evaluate possibilities for close-range, static, high-resolution, three-dimensional measurement of road surfaces for reference use, three measurement methods and five instrumentations are investigated: terrestrial laser scanning (TLS, Leica RTC360), photogrammetry using high-resolution professional-grade cameras (Nikon D800 and D810E), photogrammetry using an industrial camera (FLIR Grasshopper GS3-U3-120S6C-C), and structured-light handheld scanners Artec Leo and Faro Freestyle. High-resolution photogrammetry is established as reference based on laboratory measurements and point density. The instrumentations are compared against one another using cross-sections, point–point distances, and ability to obtain key metrics of defects, and a qualita-tive assessment of the processing procedures for each is carried out. It is found that photogrammetric models provide the highest resolutions (10–50 million points per m2) and photogrammetric and TLS approaches perform robustly in precision with consistent sub-millimeter offsets relative to one another, while handheld scanners perform relatively inconsistently. A discussion on the practical implications of using each of the examined instrumentations is presented.Description
Funding Information: Funding: This research was funded by the Academy of Finland (AoF) through the “Road Distress Mapping Combining Expertise of Sensors and Point Cloud Processing, Surveying and Road Engineering” project (decisions 323783, 323752, and 323750) and the Strategic Research Council “Competence-Based Growth Through Integrated Disruptive Technologies of 3D Digitalization, Robotics, Geospatial Information and Image Processing/Computing—Point Cloud Ecosystem” project (decisions 293389 and 314312) and project Profi5 “Autonomous systems” (No. 326246). In addition, the work was supported partly under AoF flagship project UNITE—Forest-Human-Machine Interplay (337656) and Lidar-based energy efficient ICT solutions (319011). Publisher Copyright: © 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.
Keywords
Laser scanning, Pavement defects, Photogrammetry, Reference measurements, Road maintenance, Structured light
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Citation
Putkiranta , P , Kurkela , M , Ingman , M , Keitaanniemi , A , El Issaoui , A , Kaartinen , H , Honkavaara , E , Hyyppä , H , Hyyppä , J & Vaaja , M T 2021 , ' Performance assessment of reference modelling methods for defect evaluation in asphalt concrete ' , Sensors , vol. 21 , no. 24 , 8190 . https://doi.org/10.3390/s21248190