Integrating low-loss massive mechanical resonators with single-electron devices

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School of Science | Doctoral thesis (article-based) | Defence date: 2018-06-29
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Authors

Date

2018

Department

Teknillisen fysiikan laitos
Department of Applied Physics

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Mcode

Degree programme

Language

en

Pages

86 + app. 56

Series

Aalto University publication series DOCTORAL DISSERTATIONS, 120/2018

Abstract

Since the development of quantum mechanics, there has been debate over the extent to which it can be applied to macro-world objects. The motion of a macroscopic body is one of the most intriguing physical quantities to experimentally investigate in the quantum regime. Experiments on macroscopic mechanical resonators in the quantum ground state are motivated not only by accessing and testing new regimes of quantum mechanics. Detection of the quantum motion requires extremely sensitive displacement sensing techniques, having relevance in other fields of research or engineering. Mechanical quantum devices are also promising in the field of quantum engineering, where ultralow energy losses achievable in mechanical resonators can become an indispensable resource. In this thesis, I experimentally explore new types of detection methods for mechanical resonators near the quantum regime, as well as investigate energy dissipation mechanism in such devices. I study two types of promising systems: monolithic quartz crystal resonators, and nanocrystalline diamond resonators.   Monolithic quartz resonators are inexpensive, resilient and can exhibit low energy losses and high quality factors up to 10 exp 9. They are millimetre-sized with masses in the milligram range and resonance frequencies of some MHz, and can be brought into a regime not too far from the quantum limit with standard cryogenic technology. The piezoelectric charge in quartz offers a transduction option to measure the mechanical vibrations using charge detectors. I experimentally investigate the possibility of measuring their ground state vibrations using several different measurement typologies of single electron transistors that are the ultimate charge sensitive devices. In the most promising scheme, I show how the combined device can be treated as a cavity optomechanical scheme where a charge qubit mediates and enhances the interaction between the quartz mechanical oscillator and a microwave cavity. I investigate using optomechanical back-action cooling of the quartz resonator, showing results demonstrating modest cooling power. I investigate loss mechanisms of the quartz resonators, and show how electrical losses in the experimental setup can appear as a limiting factor for reaching high quality factors. I predict that the ground state can be reached by some realistic design of the piezoelectric dissipation, or coupling to the Qubit. In the non-superconducting state, although quantum limit is harder to achieve, I demonstrate how single-electron devices are usable as highly sensitive motion detectors of the quartz. Besides quartz, in this thesis I suggest the use of nanocrystalline diamond resonators as an alternative mechanical system for studies in the quantum limit, and study its energy loss mechanisms.

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Supervising professor

Sillanpää, Mika, Prof. Aalto University, Department of Applied Physics, Finland

Thesis advisor

Sillanpää, Mika, Prof. Aalto University, Department of Applied Physics, Finland

Keywords

quantum ground state, macroscopic mechanical resonators, mechanical dissipation, cavity optomechanics, single electron devices, piezoelectric devices

Other note

Parts

  • [Publication 1]: J. T. Santos, J. Li, J. Ilves, C. F. Ockeloen-Korppi and M. Sillanpää. Optome-chanical measurement of a millimeter-sized mechanical oscillator approaching the quantum ground state. New Journal of Physics, Volume 19, 103014, 11 pages, October 2017,
    DOI: 10.1088/1367-2630/AA83A5 View at publisher
  • [Publication 2]: J. T. Santos, T. Holz, A. J. S. Fernandes, F. M. Costa, V. Chu and J. P. Conde. Pressure effects on the dissipative behavior of nanocrystalline diamond microelectromechanical resonators. Journal of Micromechanics and Microengineering, Volume 25, 025019, 10 pages, January 2015,
    DOI: 10.1088/0960-1317/25/2/025019 View at publisher
  • [Publication 3]: J. Li, J. T. Santos and M. Sillanpää. High-Precision Displacement Sensing of Monolithic Piezoelectric Disk Resonators Using a Single-Electron Transistor. Accepted for publication in Journal of Low Temperature Physics, 14 pages, February 2018,
    DOI: 10.1007/s10909-018-1862-y View at publisher
  • [Publication 4]: A. Välimaa, J. T. Santos, C. F. Ockeloen-Korppi and M. Sillanpää. Electrode configuration and electrical dissipation of mechanical energy in quartz crystal resonators. Accepted for publication in Journal of Micromechanics and Microengineering, 10 pages, May 2018,
    DOI: 10.1088/1361-6439/aac781 View at publisher

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https://urn.fi/URN:ISBN:978-952-60-8051-2

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[diss] Perustieteiden korkeakoulu / SCI