Spectral Properties of Coniferous Forests: A Review of In Situ and Laboratory Measurements

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© 2018 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
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A2 Katsausartikkeli tieteellisessä aikakauslehdessä
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Authors

Date

2018

Department

Department of Electronics and Nanoengineering
Department of Built Environment

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Mcode

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Language

en

Pages

28

Series

Remote Sensing, Volume 10, issue 2

Abstract

Coniferous species are present in almost all major vegetation biomes on Earth, though they are the most abundant in the northern hemisphere, where they form the northern tree and forest lines close to the Arctic Circle. Monitoring coniferous forests with satellite and airborne remote sensing is active, due to the forests’ great ecological and economic importance. We review the current understanding of spectral behavior of different components forming coniferous forests. We look at the spatial, directional, and seasonal variations in needle, shoot, woody element, and understory spectra in coniferous forests, based on measurements. Through selected case studies, we also demonstrate how coniferous canopy spectra vary at different spatial scales, and in different viewing angles and seasons. Finally, we provide a synthesis of gaps in the current knowledge on spectra of elements forming coniferous forests that could also serve as a recommendation for planning scientific efforts in the future.

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Keywords

conifer, forest, spectrum, reflectance, transmittance, albedo, BRDF, needle, understory

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DOI

10.3390/rs10020207

Citation

Rautiainen, M, Lukěs, P, Homolova, L, Hovi, A, Pisek, J & Mõttus, M 2018, 'Spectral Properties of Coniferous Forests: A Review of In Situ and Laboratory Measurements', Remote Sensing, vol. 10, no. 2, 207. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs10020207

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https://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi:aalto-201803231771

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[article-cris] Insinööritieteiden korkeakoulu / ENG