Persuaded by the machine: The effect of virtual nonverbal cues and individual differences on compliance in economic bargaining
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Journal Title
Journal ISSN
Volume Title
A1 Alkuperäisartikkeli tieteellisessä aikakauslehdessä
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Date
2018-10
Major/Subject
Mcode
Degree programme
Language
en
Pages
11
384–394
384–394
Series
COMPUTERS IN HUMAN BEHAVIOR, Volume 87
Abstract
Receiving a touch or smile increases compliance in natural face-to-face settings. It has been unclear, however, whether a virtual agent's touch and smile also promote compliance or whether there are individual differences in proneness to nonverbal persuasion. Utilizing a multimodal virtual reality, we investigated whether touch and smile promoted compliance to a virtual agent's requests and whether receiver's personality modulated the effects. Compliance was measured using the ultimatum game, in which participants were asked to either reject or accept an agent's monetary offers. Decision-making data were accompanied by offer-related cardiac responses, both of which were analyzed as a function of expression (anger, neutral, and happiness), touch (visuo-tactile, visual, no touch), and three personality traits: behavioral inhibition/activation system sensitivity (BIS/BAS) and justice sensitivity. People accepted unfair offers more often if the agents smiled or touched them. The effect of touch was more enhanced in those with low justice sensitivity and BAS, whereas facial expressions affected those with high BIS the most. Unfair offers amplified the cardiac response, but this effect was not dependent on nonverbal cues. Together, the results suggest that virtual nonverbal behaviors of virtual agents increase compliance and that there is substantial interindividual variation in proneness to persuasion.Description
Keywords
Compliance, Decision-making, Facial expression, Interpersonal touch, Virtual agent
Other note
Citation
Harjunen, V, Spape, M, Ahmed, I, Jacucci, G & Ravaja, N 2018, ' Persuaded by the machine: The effect of virtual nonverbal cues and individual differences on compliance in economic bargaining ', Computers in Human Behavior, vol. 87, pp. 384–394 . https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2018.06.012
