Modeling Cooperative Behavior in Smart Grid and Cognitive Radio Systems

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Volume Title

School of Electrical Engineering | Doctoral thesis (article-based) | Defence date: 2016-10-21

Date

2016

Major/Subject

Mcode

Degree programme

Language

en

Pages

116 + app. 80

Series

Aalto University publication series DOCTORAL DISSERTATIONS, 197/2016

Abstract

Cooperation is an instinctive and evolutionary trait in humans that results in mutual benefits for all persons involved irrespective of whether we live in a hunter-gatherer society or a digital economy. Similarly, independent rational players in complex multi-user intelligent systems such as smart grids (SG) and cognitive radios (CR) also benefit from cooperative behavior. Quantifying and sharing the benefits of cooperation amongst all players in a fair and stable manner is a non-trivial problem of great interest. The focus of this thesis is on modeling cooperative interactions for achieving demand side management (DSM) in SGs and dynamic spectrum access (DSA) in CRs using cooperative game theory. A critical challenge in electricity delivery is that energy supply does not follow consumer demand with typical peaks and valleys at different time periods. The integration of distributed renewable energy sources (RES) and information technology in SGs allows for overcoming this mismatch by means of DSM. DSM involves modification of consumer energy demand through price-based demand response (DR) models or by means of local energy markets. Highly efficient DR algorithms are proposed for cost minimization and load balancing for households with energy storage systems (ESS) under time of use pricing. Using concepts from consumer theory and intertemporal trading, cost minimization is formulated as a linear programming problem, while load balancing is formulated as a geometric programming problem. The proposed load balancing method performs very well with peak to average ratio (PAR) values close to 1. Local energy trading is modeled separately as an exchange economy for households with ESS and as a production economy for minigrids with hybrid RES. Due to continuous increase in spectrum demand, certain bands face severe scarcity and yet, a large portion of spectrum is often under-utilized across time and space. Apparent scarcity in spectrum arises from rigid and inefficient spectrum allocation policy rather than actual physical shortage of spectrum. DSA facilitates flexible spectrum usage by providing the capability for unlicensed secondary users (SUs) to sense the spectrum and opportunistically share unused licensed bands without causing harmful interference to licensed primary users (PUs). A cooperative game for jointly modeling spectrum sensing and sharing problem in CRs is proposed, whereby idle spectrum is allocated to SUs based on their sensing performance. The characteristic function that forms the basis for fair division of benefits of cooperation among SUs is derived. The proposed cooperative game for joint spectrum sensing and sharing results in the formation of a grand coalition and provides the best balance between fairness, cooperation and performance in terms of data rate achieved by SUs.

Description

Supervising professor

Koivunen, Visa, Academy prof., Aalto University, Department of Signal Processing and Acoustics, Finland

Thesis advisor

Koivunen, Visa, Academy prof., Aalto University, Department of Signal Processing and Acoustics, Finland

Keywords

smart grids, demand side management, demand response, cognitive radios, dynamic spectrum access, spectrum sharing, cooperation, game theory

Other note

Parts

  • [Publication 1]: J. Rajasekharan and V. Koivunen, “Optimal energy consumption model for smart grid households with energy storage,” IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Signal Processing, vol. 8, no. 4, pp. 1154–1166, Dec. 2014.
    DOI: 10.1109/JSTSP.2014.2361315 View at publisher
  • [Publication 2]: J. Rajasekharan and V. Koivunen, “Cooperative game-theoretic approach to load balancing in smart grids with community energy storage,” in Proc. of the 23rd European Signal Processing Conference (EUSIPCO), Nice, France, Aug. 31 - Sep. 4, 2015, pp. 1955–1959. 10.1109/EUSIPCO.2015.7362725
  • [Publication 3]: J. Rajasekharan and V. Koivunen, “Intertemporal trading economy model for smart grid household energy consumption,” in Proc. of the 39th IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing (ICASSP), Florence, Italy, May 4–9, 2014, pp. 7774–7778.
    DOI: 10.1109/ICASSP.2014.6855113 View at publisher
  • [Publication 4]: J. Rajasekharan and V. Koivunen, “Production equilibrium in cooperative smart hybrid renewable minigrids,” in Proc. of the 48th Annual Conference on Information Sciences and Systems (CISS), Princeton, NJ, USA, Mar. 19–21, 2014, pp. 1–6.
    DOI: 10.1109/CISS.2014.6814122 View at publisher
  • [Publication 5]: J. Rajasekharan, J. Lunden and V. Koivunen, “Competitive equilibrium pricing and cooperation in smart grids with energy storage,” in Proc. of the 47th Annual Conference on Information Sciences and Systems (CISS), Baltimore, MD, USA, Mar. 20–22, 2013, pp. 1–5.
    DOI: 10.1109/CISS.2013.6552325 View at publisher
  • [Publication 6]: J. Rajasekharan and V. Koivunen, “Cooperative game-theoretic approach to spectrum sharing in cognitive radios,” Signal Processing, vol. 106, pp. 15–29, Jan. 2015.
    DOI: 10.1016/j.sigpro.2014.06.013 View at publisher
  • [Publication 7]: J. Rajasekharan, J. Eriksson and V. Koivunen, “Cooperative game theory and auctioning for spectrum allocation in cognitive radios,” in Proc. of the 22nd International Symposium on Personal Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications (PIMRC), Toronto, ON, Canada, Sep. 11–14, 2011, pp. 656–660.
    DOI: 10.1109/PIMRC.2011.6140044 View at publisher
  • [Publication 8]: J. Rajasekharan, J. Eriksson and V. Koivunen, “Cooperative gametheoretic modeling for spectrum sensing in cognitive radios,” in Proc. of the 44th Asilomar Conference on Signals Systems and Computers (ASILOMAR), Pacific Grove, CA, USA, Nov. 7–10, 2010, pp. 165–169.
    DOI: 10.1109/ACSSC.2010.5757490 View at publisher

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