The AI Ghostwriter Effect: When Users Do Not Perceive Ownership of AI-Generated Text But Self-Declare as Authors

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openAccess

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Volume Title

A1 Alkuperäisartikkeli tieteellisessä aikakauslehdessä

Date

2024-02-05

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Department of Computer Science

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Language

en

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ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction, Volume 31, issue 2, pp. 1-40

Abstract

Human-AI interaction in text production increases complexity in authorship. In two empirical studies (n1 = 30 & n2 = 96), we investigate authorship and ownership in human-AI collaboration for personalized language generation. We show an AI Ghostwriter Effect: Users do not consider themselves the owners and authors of AI-generated text but refrain from publicly declaring AI authorship. Personalization of AI-generated texts did not impact the AI Ghostwriter Effect, and higher levels of participants’ influence on texts increased their sense of ownership. Participants were more likely to attribute ownership to supposedly human ghostwriters than AI ghostwriters, resulting in a higher ownership-authorship discrepancy for human ghostwriters. Rationalizations for authorship in AI ghostwriters and human ghostwriters were similar. We discuss how our findings relate to psychological ownership and human-AI interaction to lay the foundations for adapting authorship frameworks and user interfaces in AI in text-generation tasks.

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Additional Key Words and Phrases Ownership, authorship, large language models, text generation

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Citation

Draxler, F, Werner, A, Lehmann, F, Hoppe, M, Schmidt, A, Buschek, D & Welsch, R 2024, ' The AI Ghostwriter Effect: When Users Do Not Perceive Ownership of AI-Generated Text But Self-Declare as Authors ', ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction, vol. 31, no. 2, 25, pp. 1-40 . https://doi.org/10.1145/3637875