Optimal and rule-based control strategies for energy flexibility in buildings with PV
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A1 Alkuperäisartikkeli tieteellisessä aikakauslehdessä
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Date
2016-01-01
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Language
en
Pages
12
425-436
425-436
Series
APPLIED ENERGY, Volume 161
Abstract
PV installations in buildings can utilize different on-site flexibility resources to balance mismatch in electricity production and demand. This paper studies cost-optimal and rule-based control for buildings with PV, employing a heat pump, thermal and electrical storage and shiftable loads as flexibility sources to increase the value of PV for the prosumer. The cost-optimal control minimizes variable electricity cost employing market data on electricity price and optionally constrains grid feed-in to zero; the rule-based control aims at maximizing PV self-consumption. The flexibility strategies are combined into a simulation model to analyze different system configurations over a full year. The applicability of the new model is demonstrated with a case study with empirical data from a real low-energy house in Southern Finland. Compared to inflexible reference control with a constant price for bought electricity, cost-optimal control employing hourly market price of electricity achieved 13-25% savings in the yearly electricity bill. Moreover, 8-88% decrease in electricity fed into the grid was obtained. The exact values depend on PV capacity and the flexibility options chosen. Limiting grid feed-in to zero led to less energy efficient control. The most effective flexibility measures in this case turned out to be thermal storage with a heat pump and a battery, whereas shiftable appliances showed only a marginal effect. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.Description
Keywords
Photovoltaics, Intelligent building, Demand side management, Prosumer, Energy storage, System control, DEMAND-SIDE MANAGEMENT, PHOTOVOLTAIC SELF-CONSUMPTION, RENEWABLE ELECTRICITY, URBAN AREAS, HEAT-PUMPS, SYSTEM, POWER, STORAGE, INTEGRATION, IMPACT
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Citation
Salpakari, J & Lund, P 2016, ' Optimal and rule-based control strategies for energy flexibility in buildings with PV ', Applied Energy, vol. 161, pp. 425-436 . https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2015.10.036
