| Title: | Major results from the first plasma campaign of the Wendelstein 7-X stellarator |
| Author(s): | Wolf, R.C. ; Ali, Anwaar ; Alonso, A. ; Baldzuhn, Jürgen ; Beidler, Craig ; Beurskens, M. ; Biedermann, C. ; Bosch, H. S. ; Bozhenkov, S. ; Brakel, Rudolf ; Dinklage, Andreas ; Feng, Yue ; Fuchert, G ; Geiger, J. ; Grulke, Olaf ; Helander, P. ; Hirsch, M. ; Höfel, Udo ; Jakubowski, M. ; Knauer, Jens ; Kocsis, G ; König, R. ; Kornejew, Petra ; Kràmer-Flecken, A. ; Krychowiak, M. ; Landreman, Matt ; Langenberg, Andreas ; Laqua, H.P. ; Lazerson, S. ; Maaßberg, H. ; Marsen, S. ; Marushchenko, M. ; Moseev, D ; Niemann, Holger ; Pablant, Novimir ; Pasch, Ekkehard ; Rahbarnia, Kian ; Schlisio, G. ; Stange, Torsten ; Sunn Pedersen, T. ; Svensson, J. ; Szepesi, T ; Trimino Mora, H. ; Turkin, Yuriy ; Wauters, T ; Weir, Gavin ; Wenzel, U. ; Windisch, Thomas ; Wurden, G. ; Zhang, D. ; Abramovic, Ivana ; Äkàslompolo, S. ; Aleynikov, P. ; Aleynikova, Ksenia ; Alzbutas, R. ; Anda, G. ; Andreeva, T. ; Ascasibar, Enrique ; Assmann, J. ; Baek, S. G. ; Banduch, Martin ; Barbui, Tullio ; Barlak, M. ; Baumann, Kristin ; Behr, W. ; Benndorf, Andree ; Bertuch, O. ; Biel, Wolfgang ; Birus, Dietrich ; Blackwell, Boyd ; Blanco, E. ; Blatzheim, Marko ; Bluhm, Torsten ; Böckenhoff, Daniel ; Bolgert, Peter ; Borchardt, Matthias ; Borsuk, V. ; Boscary, J. ; Böttger, Lukas Georg ; van den Brand, H ; Brandt, Ch ; Bràuer, T. ; Braune, H. ; Brezinsek, S ; Brunner, K. J. ; Brünner, B. ; Burhenn, R. ; Buttenschön, Birger ; Bykov, Victor ; Calvo, Ivan ; Cannas, B. ; Cappa, Alvaro ; Carls, Andre ; Carraro, L. ; Carvalho, B. B. ; Castejon, Francisco ; Charl, A. ; Chernyshev, F. ; Cianciosa, Mark ; Citarella, R. ; Ciupiński ; Claps, G. ; Cole, Elizabeth M. ; Cole, M. J. ; Cordella, F. ; Cseh, G ; Czarnecka, A ; Czermak, A. ; Czerski, K. ; Czerwinski, M. ; Czymek, G. ; Da Molin, A. ; Da Silva, A. ; Dammertz, G. ; Danielson, J. ; De La Pena, Angel ; Degenkolbe, Sven ; Denner, P ; Dhard, D. P. ; Dostal, Marion ; Drevlak, Michael ; Drewelow, P. ; Drews, Ph ; Dudek, Andrzej ; Dundulis, G. ; Durodie, F. ; Von Eeten, Paul ; Effenberg, Florian ; Ehrke, G. ; Endler, M ; Ennis, D. ; Erckmann, E. ; Esteban, H. ; Estrada, T. ; Fahrenkamp, Nils ; Feist, J. H. ; Fellinger, Joris ; Fernandes, H. ; Fietz, W. H. ; Figacz, Waldemar ; Fontdecaba, J. ; Ford, O ; Fornal, Tomasz ; Frerichs, H. ; Freund, A. ; Führer, M. ; Funaba, T. ; Galkowski, A. ; Gantenbein, G. ; Gao, Y. ; García Regaña, J. ; Garcia-Munoz, M ; Gates, D. ; Gawlik, G. ; Geiger, B. ; Giannella, V. ; Gierse, N. ; Gogoleva, Alena ; Goncalves, Bruno ; Goriaev, A. ; Gradic, Dorothea ; Grahl, Michael ; Green, J. ; Grosman, A. ; Grote, Heinz ; Gruca, M. ; Guerard, Carlos ; Haiduk, L. ; Han, Xiaofeng ; Harberts, F. ; Harris, J. H. ; Hartfuß, H.-J. ; Hartmann, D. ; Hathiramani, Dag ; Hein, Bernd ; Heinemann, B ; Heitzenroeder, P. ; Henneberg, Sophia ; Hennig, C. ; Hernandez Sanchez, J. ; Hidalgo, C. ; Hölbe, Hauke ; Hollfeld, K. P. ; Hölting, Alf ; Höschen, D. ; Houry, Michael ; Howard, J. ; Huang, X. ; Huber, M. ; Huber, Valentina ; Hunger, H. ; Ida, K. ; Ilkei, T ; Illy, S. ; Israeli, Ben ; Ivanov, A. ; Jablonski, Slowomir ; Jagielski, J. ; Jelonnek, J. ; Jenzsch, Hartmut ; Junghans, P. ; Kacmarczyk, J. ; Kaliatka, T. ; Kallmeyer, Johann Peter ; Kamionka, Ute ; Karalevicius, R. ; Kasahara, Hiroshi ; Kasparek, W. ; Kenmochi, Naoki ; Keunecke, M. ; Khilchenko, A. ; Kinna, D. J. ; Kleiber, Ralf ; Klinger, T. ; Knaup, M. ; Kobarg, Th ; Köchl, F. ; Kolesnichenko, Yaroslav ; Könies, Axel ; Köppen, M. ; Koshurinov, J. ; Koslowski, R ; Köster, Friedemann ; Koziol, R. ; Kràmer, M. ; Krampitz, Rüdiger ; Kraszewsk, P. ; Krawczyk, N. ; Kremeyer, Thierry ; Krings, Th ; Krom, JG ; Krzesinski, G. ; Ksiazek, I. ; Kubkowska, M. ; Kühner, Georg ; Kurki-Suonio, T. ; Kwak, Sehyun ; Lang, Karl R. ; Langish, S. ; Laqua, H. ; Laube, Ralph ; Lechte, C. ; Lennartz, M. ; Leonhardt, W. ; Lewerentz, L. ; Liang, Y. ; Linsmeier, Ch. ; Liu, S. C. ; Lobsien, Jim Felix ; Loesser, D. ; Loizu Cisquella, J. ; Lore, J. D. ; Lorenz, A. ; Losert, M. ; Lubyako, L. ; Lücke, A. ; Lumsdaine, A. ; Lutsenko, VN ; Majano-Brown, J. ; Marchuk, O. ; Mardenfeld, M. ; Marek, P. ; Massidda, S. ; Masuzaki, S. ; Maurer, D. ; McCarthy, Kieran ; McNeely, Paul ; Meier, A. ; Mellein, D. ; Mendelevitch, B. ; Mertens, Ph. ; Mikkelsen, DR ; Mishchenko, O. ; Missal, Bernd ; Mittelstaedt, Joseph ; Mizuuchi, T. ; Mollen, Albert ; Moncada, Victor ; Mönnich, Thomas ; Morizaki, T. ; Munk, R. ; Murakami, S. ; Musielok, F. ; Náfrádi, G. ; Nagel, Mathias ; Naujoks, Dirk ; Neilson, G. Hutch ; Neubauer, O. ; Neuner, U. ; Ngo, Tran Tranh ; Nocentini, R. ; Nührenberg, Carolin ; Nührenberg, Jürgen ; Obermayer, S. ; Offermanns, G. ; Ogawa, K. ; Ongena, J. ; Oosterbeek, J. W. ; Orozco, G. ; Otte, M. ; Pacios Rodriguez, L. ; Pan, Wei ; Panadero, Nerea ; Panadero Alvarez, N. ; Panin, A. ; Papenfuß, D. ; Paqay, S. ; Pavone, Andrea ; Pawelec, Ewa ; Pelka, G. ; Peng, Xiaoniu ; Perseo, Valeria ; Peterson, Ben ; Pieper, A. ; Pilopp, Dirk ; Pingel, S. ; Pisano, F. ; Plaum, B ; Plunk, Gabriel ; Povilaitis, M. ; Preinhaelter, J. ; Proll, Josefine ; Puiatti, M.E. ; Puig Sitjes, A. ; Purps, Frank ; Rack, M. ; Récsei, S. ; Reiman, A. ; Reiter, D. ; Remppel, F. ; Renard, S. ; Riedl, R ; Riemann, Jörg ; Rimkevicius, S. ; Riße, K. ; Rodatos, A. ; Röhlinger, H. ; Romé, M. ; Rong, Peter ; Roscher, H. J. ; Roth, B. ; Rudischhauser, Lukas ; Rummel, Kerstin ; Rummel, Thomas ; Runov, A. ; Rust, Norbert ; Ryc, L. ; Ryosuke, S. ; Sakamoto, R. ; Samartsev, A. ; Sanchez, M. ; Sano, F. ; Satake, Shinsuke ; Satheeswaran, G. ; Schacht, Jörg ; Schauer, F. ; Scherer, T. ; Schlaich, A. ; Schlüter, K. H. ; Schmitt, J. ; Schmitz, Hans Christian ; Schmitz, O ; Schmuck, S. ; Schneider, M ; Schneider, W ; Scholz, M. ; Scholz, P. ; Schrittwieser, R ; Schröder, Michael ; Schröder, Timo ; Schroeder, R. ; Schumacher, Hans Werner ; Schweer, B. ; Shanahan, B. ; Shikhovtsev, I. V. ; Sibilia, M. ; Sinha, Priyanjana ; Sipilä, Seppo ; Skodzik, J. ; Slaby, Christoph ; Smith, Håkan ; Spiess, W. ; Spong, D. A. ; Spring, Anett ; Stadler, Rolf ; Standley, Brian ; Stephey, Laurie ; Stoneking, Matthew ; Stridde, Uwe ; Sulek, Z. ; Surko, C. ; Suzuki, Y. ; Szabó, V. ; Szabolics, T. ; Szökefalvi-Nagy, Z. ; Tamura, Naoyuki ; Terra, A. ; Terry, J.L. ; Thomas, J. D. ; Thomsen, H. ; Thumm, M. ; Thun, C.P ; Timmermann, D. ; Titus, P. ; Toi, K. ; Travere, J. M. ; Traverso, Paolo ; Tretter, J. ; Tsuchiya, Hayato ; Tsujimura, T. ; Tulipán, S. ; Turnyanskiy, M. ; Unterberg, B. ; Urban, Maximilian J. ; Urbonavicius, E. ; Vakulchyk, I. ; Valet, Swetlana ; Van Millingen, B. ; Vela, Luis ; Velasco, Jose Luis ; Vergote, Maarten ; Vervier, M. ; Vianello, N ; Viebke, Holger ; Vilbrandt, Reinhard ; Vorkörper, A. ; Wadle, S. ; Wagner, Friedrich ; Wang, Erhui ; Wang, Nan ; Warmer, Felix ; Wegener, Lutz ; Weggen, J. ; Wei, Y. ; Wendorf, Jörg ; Werner, Andreas ; Wiegel, Burkhard ; Wilde, Fabian ; Winkler, E. ; Winters, Victoria ; Wolf, N. S. ; Wolowski, J. ; von Wright, A. ; Xanthopoulos, Pavlos ; Yamada, Hirofumi ; Yamada, Ichihiro ; Yasuhara, Ryo ; Yokoyama, Masayuki ; Zajac, J. ; Zarnstorff, MC ; Zeitler, J. Axel ; Zhang, H. ; Zhu, Jun ; Zilker, Manfred ; Zimbal, Andreas ; Zocco, Alessandro ; Zoletnik, S. ; Zuin, M. |
| Date: | 2017-07-27 |
| Language: | en |
| Pages: | 1-13 |
| Department: | Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics CIEMAT Wigner Research Centre for Physics Jülich Research Centre University of Maryland, College Park Princeton University Royal Military Academy Los Alamos National Laboratory Lithuanian Energy Institute Massachusetts Institute of Technology University of Wisconsin-Madison Narodowe Centrum Badań Jadrowych Karlsruhe Institute of Technology Australian National University Eindhoven University of Technology University of Cagliari National Research Council of Italy Instituto Superior Tecnico Lisboa Ioffe Institute Oak Ridge National Laboratory University of Salerno Warsaw University of Technology Agenzia nazionale per le nuove tecnologie, l'energia e lo sviluppo economico sostenibile Soltan Institute for Nuclear Studies The Henryk Niewodniczanski Institute of Nuclear Physics of the Polish Academy of Sciences University of Szczecin University of Milan - Bicocca University of California San Diego Auburn University Brandenburg University of Technology National Institute for Fusion Science Universidad Carlos III de Madrid CEA Culham Centre for Fusion Energy RAS - Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics University of Stuttgart Fraunhofer Institute for Surface Engineering and Thin Films Austrian Academy of Sciences NASU - Institute of Nuclear Research RAS - Institute of Applied Physics Technical University of Berlin University of Opole Department of Applied Physics Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt Kyoto University CAS - Institute of Plasma Physics Czech Academy of Sciences Istituto di Fisica Del Plasma Piero Caldirola Fraunhofer Institute for Machine Tools and Forming Technology University of Rostock Lawrence University |
| Series: | NUCLEAR FUSION, Volume 57, issue 10 |
| ISSN: | 0029-5515 1741-4326 |
| DOI-number: | 10.1088/1741-4326/aa770d |
| Keywords: | current drive, magnetic confinement, plasma heating, stellarator |
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Wolf , R C , Ali , A , Alonso , A , Baldzuhn , J , Beidler , C , Beurskens , M , Biedermann , C , Bosch , H S , Bozhenkov , S , Brakel , R , Dinklage , A , Feng , Y , Fuchert , G , Geiger , J , Grulke , O , Helander , P , Hirsch , M , Höfel , U , Jakubowski , M , Knauer , J , Kocsis , G , König , R , Kornejew , P , Kràmer-Flecken , A , Krychowiak , M , Landreman , M , Langenberg , A , Laqua , H P , Lazerson , S , Maaßberg , H , Marsen , S , Marushchenko , M , Moseev , D , Niemann , H , Pablant , N , Pasch , E , Rahbarnia , K , Schlisio , G , Stange , T , Sunn Pedersen , T , Svensson , J , Szepesi , T , Trimino Mora , H , Turkin , Y , Wauters , T , Weir , G , Wenzel , U , Windisch , T , Wurden , G , Zhang , D , Abramovic , I , Äkàslompolo , S , Aleynikov , P , Aleynikova , K , Alzbutas , R , Anda , G , Andreeva , T , Ascasibar , E , Assmann , J , Baek , S G , Banduch , M , Barbui , T , Barlak , M , Baumann , K , Behr , W , Benndorf , A , Bertuch , O , Biel , W , Birus , D , Blackwell , B , Blanco , E , Blatzheim , M , Bluhm , T , Böckenhoff , D , Bolgert , P , Borchardt , M , Borsuk , V , Boscary , J , Böttger , L G , van den Brand , H , Brandt , C , Bràuer , T , Braune , H , Brezinsek , S , Brunner , K J , Brünner , B , Burhenn , R , Buttenschön , B , Bykov , V , Calvo , I , Cannas , B , Cappa , A , Carls , A , Carraro , L , Carvalho , B B , Castejon , F , Charl , A , Chernyshev , F , Cianciosa , M , Citarella , R , Ciupiński , Claps , G , Cole , E M , Cole , M J , Cordella , F , Cseh , G , Czarnecka , A , Czermak , A , Czerski , K , Czerwinski , M , Czymek , G , Da Molin , A , Da Silva , A , Dammertz , G , Danielson , J , De La Pena , A , Degenkolbe , S , Denner , P , Dhard , D P , Dostal , M , Drevlak , M , Drewelow , P , Drews , P , Dudek , A , Dundulis , G , Durodie , F , Von Eeten , P , Effenberg , F , Ehrke , G , Endler , M , Ennis , D , Erckmann , E , Esteban , H , Estrada , T , Fahrenkamp , N , Feist , J H , Fellinger , J , Fernandes , H , Fietz , W H , Figacz , W , Fontdecaba , J , Ford , O , Fornal , T , Frerichs , H , Freund , A , Führer , M , Funaba , T , Galkowski , A , Gantenbein , G , Gao , Y , García Regaña , J , Garcia-Munoz , M , Gates , D , Gawlik , G , Geiger , B , Giannella , V , Gierse , N , Gogoleva , A , Goncalves , B , Goriaev , A , Gradic , D , Grahl , M , Green , J , Grosman , A , Grote , H , Gruca , M , Guerard , C , Haiduk , L , Han , X , Harberts , F , Harris , J H , Hartfuß , H-J , Hartmann , D , Hathiramani , D , Hein , B , Heinemann , B , Heitzenroeder , P , Henneberg , S , Hennig , C , Hernandez Sanchez , J , Hidalgo , C , Hölbe , H , Hollfeld , K P , Hölting , A , Höschen , D , Houry , M , Howard , J , Huang , X , Huber , M , Huber , V , Hunger , H , Ida , K , Ilkei , T , Illy , S , Israeli , B , Ivanov , A , Jablonski , S , Jagielski , J , Jelonnek , J , Jenzsch , H , Junghans , P , Kacmarczyk , J , Kaliatka , T , Kallmeyer , J P , Kamionka , U , Karalevicius , R , Kasahara , H , Kasparek , W , Kenmochi , N , Keunecke , M , Khilchenko , A , Kinna , D J , Kleiber , R , Klinger , T ,Knaup , M , Kobarg , T , Köchl , F , Kolesnichenko , Y , Könies , A , Köppen , M , Koshurinov , J , Koslowski , R , Köster , F , Koziol , R , Kràmer , M , Krampitz , R , Kraszewsk , P , Krawczyk , N , Kremeyer , T , Krings , T , Krom , JG , Krzesinski , G , Ksiazek , I , Kubkowska , M , Kühner , G , Kurki-Suonio , T , Kwak , S , Lang , K R , Langish , S , Laqua , H , Laube , R , Lechte , C , Lennartz , M , Leonhardt , W , Lewerentz , L , Liang , Y , Linsmeier , C , Liu , S C , Lobsien , J F , Loesser , D , Loizu Cisquella , J , Lore , J D , Lorenz , A , Losert , M , Lubyako , L , Lücke , A , Lumsdaine , A , Lutsenko , VN , Majano-Brown , J , Marchuk , O , Mardenfeld , M , Marek , P , Massidda , S , Masuzaki , S , Maurer , D , McCarthy , K , McNeely , P , Meier , A , Mellein , D , Mendelevitch , B , Mertens , P , Mikkelsen , DR , Mishchenko , O , Missal , B , Mittelstaedt , J , Mizuuchi , T , Mollen , A , Moncada , V , Mönnich , T , Morizaki , T , Munk , R , Murakami , S , Musielok , F , Náfrádi , G , Nagel ,M , Naujoks , D , Neilson , G H , Neubauer , O , Neuner , U , Ngo , T T , Nocentini , R , Nührenberg , C , Nührenberg , J , Obermayer , S , Offermanns , G , Ogawa , K , Ongena , J , Oosterbeek , J W , Orozco , G , Otte , M , Pacios Rodriguez , L , Pan , W , Panadero , N , Panadero Alvarez , N , Panin , A , Papenfuß , D , Paqay , S , Pavone , A , Pawelec , E , Pelka , G , Peng , X , Perseo , V , Peterson , B , Pieper , A , Pilopp , D , Pingel , S , Pisano , F , Plaum , B , Plunk , G , Povilaitis , M , Preinhaelter , J , Proll , J , Puiatti , M E , Puig Sitjes , A , Purps , F , Rack , M , Récsei , S , Reiman , A , Reiter , D , Remppel , F , Renard , S , Riedl , R , Riemann , J , Rimkevicius , S , Riße , K , Rodatos , A , Röhlinger , H , Romé , M , Rong , P , Roscher , H J , Roth , B , Rudischhauser , L , Rummel , K , Rummel , T , Runov , A , Rust , N , Ryc , L , Ryosuke , S , Sakamoto , R , Samartsev , A , Sanchez , M , Sano , F , Satake , S , Satheeswaran , G , Schacht , J , Schauer , F , Scherer , T , Schlaich , A , Schlüter , K H , Schmitt , J , Schmitz , H C , Schmitz , O , Schmuck , S , Schneider , M , Schneider , W , Scholz , M , Scholz , P , Schrittwieser , R , Schröder , M , Schröder , T , Schroeder , R , Schumacher , H W , Schweer , B , Shanahan , B , Shikhovtsev , I V , Sibilia , M , Sinha , P , Sipilä , S , Skodzik , J , Slaby , C , Smith , H , Spiess , W , Spong , D A , Spring , A , Stadler , R , Standley , B , Stephey , L , Stoneking , M , Stridde , U , Sulek , Z , Surko , C , Suzuki , Y , Szabó , V , Szabolics , T , Szökefalvi-Nagy , Z , Tamura , N , Terra , A , Terry , J L , Thomas , J D , Thomsen , H , Thumm , M , Thun , C P , Timmermann , D , Titus , P , Toi , K , Travere , J M , Traverso , P , Tretter , J , Tsuchiya , H , Tsujimura , T , Tulipán , S , Turnyanskiy , M , Unterberg , B , Urban , M J , Urbonavicius , E , Vakulchyk , I , Valet , S , Van Millingen , B , Vela , L , Velasco , J L , Vergote , M , Vervier , M , Vianello , N , Viebke , H , Vilbrandt , R , Vorkörper , A , Wadle , S , Wagner , F , Wang , E , Wang , N , Warmer , F , Wegener , L , Weggen , J , Wei , Y , Wendorf , J , Werner , A , Wiegel , B , Wilde , F , Winkler , E , Winters , V , Wolf , N S , Wolowski , J , von Wright , A , Xanthopoulos , P , Yamada , H , Yamada , I , Yasuhara , R , Yokoyama , M , Zajac , J , Zarnstorff , MC , Zeitler , J A , Zhang , H , Zhu , J , Zilker , M , Zimbal , A , Zocco , A , Zoletnik , S & Zuin , M 2017 , ' Major results from the first plasma campaign of the Wendelstein 7-X stellarator ' , Nuclear Fusion , vol. 57 , no. 10 , 102020 , pp. 1-13 . https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/aa770d |
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Abstract:After completing the main construction phase of Wendelstein 7-X (W7-X) and successfully commissioning the device, first plasma operation started at the end of 2015. Integral commissioning of plasma start-up and operation using electron cyclotron resonance heating (ECRH) and an extensive set of plasma diagnostics have been completed, allowing initial physics studies during the first operational campaign. Both in helium and hydrogen, plasma breakdown was easily achieved. Gaining experience with plasma vessel conditioning, discharge lengths could be extended gradually. Eventually, discharges lasted up to 6 s, reaching an injected energy of 4 MJ, which is twice the limit originally agreed for the limiter configuration employed during the first operational campaign. At power levels of 4 MW central electron densities reached 3 1019 m-3, central electron temperatures reached values of 7 keV and ion temperatures reached just above 2 keV. Important physics studies during this first operational phase include a first assessment of power balance and energy confinement, ECRH power deposition experiments, 2nd harmonic O-mode ECRH using multi-pass absorption, and current drive experiments using electron cyclotron current drive. As in many plasma discharges the electron temperature exceeds the ion temperature significantly, these plasmas are governed by core electron root confinement showing a strong positive electric field in the plasma centre.
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