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  • Ethical Implications of Virtual and Augmented Reality in Workspaces : Challenges and Opportunities to Promote Inclusion and Safety
    (2025) Chong, Joshua; Tu, Xinyi; Zallio, Matteo
    A3 Kirjan tai muun kokoomateoksen osa
    Contemporary workspaces are constantly evolving, and we have seen the emergence of remote and hybrid workspaces using virtual and augmented reality. With these advancements come many ethical considerations that need to be identified and addressed before these environments become more widespread. This includes issues concerning inclusion, access, and safety of Virtual Reality (VR) and Augmented Reality (AR) technologies in both virtual and in-person workplaces. Two research questions arise: (1) What are the ethical considerations and potential challenges associated with the use of VR and AR technologies in hybrid and virtual working environments? (2) How do these technologies impact inclusion, access, and the safety of shared content in hybrid and virtual workplaces? To answer these questions, our study systematically analyzes recent research on the ethical implications of VR and AR technologies in hybrid and virtual working environments. A total of 13 studies were identified based on specific inclusion criteria, such as the publication date and the presence of certain keywords in the title or text. While the research found some articles on the ethics of VR, AR, and the metaverse that briefly discuss work-specific dilemmas, we found scarcity of studies that focused specifically on ethics in VR, AR, and metaverse in the context of working environments. With this study we aim to provide a comprehensive understanding of some of the challenges and opportunities that VR and AR technologies can offer to users of workspaces and offer recommendations for organizations to address these ethical dilemmas in the name of inclusion and safety.
  • Anticipatory Knowledge for 4th Order Design: The Diagnostic Work of Planning Design Actions
    (2026-03-02) Bhan, Niti; Rytilahti, Piia
    A1 Alkuperäisartikkeli tieteellisessä aikakauslehdessä
    Creating space for well-informed planning and preparation for design actions motivated Charles Owen to long ago separate concept development into a discrete stage at the front-end of design. In the decades since, design's concerns have expanded beyond signs, symbols, things, services and activities - reflective of Richard Buchanan's first three Orders of Design, and the matters of concern addressed by Owen in his writing. As design's concerns turn to thoughts, such as the intangible social constructs of systems and organizations, which Buchanan considers the 4th Order of Design, we are motivated to ask how might we re-orient the value of separating front-end planning from actual designing, as originally conceived by Owen, for this purpose. Our contribution of diagnostic work is discussed after an example of a 4th Order design planning study.
  • Flexible heat and power generation in retrofitted oxy-fuel CCGTs with electrolysis-derived O2 and H2 co-firing
    (2026-10-01) Re, Matthias; Laukkanen, Timo; Järvinen, Mika
    A1 Alkuperäisartikkeli tieteellisessä aikakauslehdessä
    Combined-cycle gas turbines (CCGT) traditionally provide electrical power and heat for district heating, playing a key role in ensuring operational resilience and security of energy supply, but they are associated with significant CO2 emissions. This paper investigates a retrofit concept based on oxy-fuel combustion and water electrolysis that enables decoupling of heat, electricity, H2, and CO2 production within an existing CCGT. A detailed AspenPlus model of a real Finnish 1010 MW CCGT is developed for both air-fired and oxy-fuel configurations. At the same turbine inlet temperature, oxy-fuel combustion decreased the power output from 164 to 141 MW per gas turbine due to the change in working-fluid properties while increasing the heat for district heating (22 to 95 MW). Dry steam injection at the turbine inlet improved performance by lowering turbine inlet temperature, reducing CO2 recirculation need, and increasing turbine power while decreasing compressor power demand. Subcooled water injection shifted the system toward enhanced heat recovery. The electricity required to produce O2 for oxy-fuel combustion exceeded the CCGT output but could be supplied from the grid. The electrolysis system produced 10.2 kg/s of H2, and the non-recirculated flue gas contained 98.0 mol % CO2. Hydrogen co-firing increased the heat and power generation, the electrical efficiency of the oxy-fuel cycle, and the district heating supply temperature without requiring live steam from the steam cycle as in the air-fired configuration. Beyond emission reduction, the proposed oxy-fuel CCGT enables flexible operation through hydrogen co-firing, sustaining district heating while interacting with the electricity grid, thereby enhancing system flexibility and resilience under high renewable penetration.
  • An experimental study on exposure risks in a double-bed patient room with different air distribution methods
    (2026-01-21) Bao, Jixuan; Kosonen, Risto; Kilpeläinen, Simo; Hagström, Kim; Vasara, Jukka
    A4 Artikkeli konferenssijulkaisussa
    Hospital environments have higher requirements for infection control on the health of occupants. This study aims to compare air distribution effects on reducing healthcare exposure risks in a simulated double-bed patient room, focusing on key parameters such as airflow patterns, heat gain, air distribution methods, and exhaust locations. In the experimental study, tracer gas (SF6) was used to simulate airborne aerosols from an infected patient by a thermal breathing manikin. A four-way nozzle diffuser (ND) for mixing ventilation and a dynamic protective airflow panel system (DPP) for personalized ventilation were utilized and compared as two different air distribution methods. The results showed that cases with a high airflow rate of 80 L/s decreased the concentration level, from an average of 22.8-26.5 ppm to 10.5-12.3 ppm compared to conditions with a lower rate of 40 L/s. In addition, the standard deviation (SD) of concentration was 3.5 and 1.1 ppm using DPP with 80 L/s airflow rate under a heat gain level of 17 W/m2 and 29 W/m2, presenting a stable concentration with high heat gains. The dilution ratios for ND and DPP fluctuated at the airflow rate of 80 L/s. While with low airflow rate of 40 L/s, they had no significant differences in removing particles. Exhaust locations did not affect contamination removal in the double-bed patient room.
  • Production scraps to raw materials : low-cost method for implementing lithium iron phosphate cathode scraps back to production lines
    (2026-04-15) Lassila, Lotta Liina; Bruno, Martina; Francia, Carlotta; Santasalo-Aarnio, Annukka; Gandolfo, Matteo; Fiore, Silvia
    A1 Alkuperäisartikkeli tieteellisessä aikakauslehdessä
    In recent years, the increased production of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) has been causing significant amounts of production scraps that require efficient, economical, and environmentally viable recycling methods. This study investigates strategies for integrating low-temperature direct recycling of lithium iron phosphate (LFP) production scraps into battery manufacturing. Scrap LFP cathode active material (CAM) was direct recycled at 200 degrees C in air and 400 degrees C in N2. The recycled CAM was blended in different amounts (100, 50, 30%-wt) with commercial CAM. Two slurry compositions were considered based on CAM: polyvinylidene fluoride: carbon black ratios (80:10:10 and 92:5:3), and coin cells were manufactured and tested. Results indicate that recycled CAM can be directly reprocessed in new batteries exhibiting excellent electrochemical performance (154 mAh g-1, equivalent to pristine material) when the slurry included 30%-wt CAM recycled at 200 degrees C in air and 100%wt CAM recycled at 400 degrees C in N2. Compared to virgin slurry material cost (9.06 /kgslurry) and environmental impact (8.27 kg CO2/kgslurry), incorporating 30%-wt CAM recycled at 200 degrees C in air reduced costs to 6.59 /kgSlurry and emissions to 6.21 kgCO2/kgslurry, and 100%-wt CAM recycled at 400 degrees C in N2 corresponded to 3.77 /kgSlurry and 2.45 kgCO2/kgslurry. These findings clearly demonstrate that closed-loop integration of low-temperature direct recycling of LFP cathode scraps into cell manufacturing reduces material costs and environmental impact while maintaining high electrochemical performance.
  • Effect of deformation and high-temperature concentrated alkaline solution on intergranular oxidation behavior and cracking resistance of Alloy 690 plugs
    (2025-12) Xu, Xinhe; Cheng, Baoliang; Nie, Songhan; Yu, Zhihao; Lu, Zhanpeng; Baojun, Li; Chen, Junjie; Cui, Tongming; Lozano-Perez, Sergio; Hänninen, Hannu
    A1 Alkuperäisartikkeli tieteellisessä aikakauslehdessä
    In this study, the long-term service reliability of Alloy 690 plug mock-ups for nuclear power plant steam generators was assessed via an accelerated stress corrosion cracking (SCC) test in 10 wt% NaOH at 350 °C. After 1000 h exposure, eight intergranular cracks initiated in highly deformed zones on the plug's inner surface, induced by expansion joining and friction. Microstructural analysis revealed a few micrometers thick, three-layer oxide at the crack initiation sites: an outer Fe-rich spinel layer, a Ni-enriched solid-solution middle layer, and an inner mixed layer of localized Cr-rich oxides within the unoxidized Ni matrix. High-resolution characterization results showed that the alkaline environment promoted oxidation along deformation–induced dislocations and grain boundaries (GBs), forming fibrous inner and intergranular oxidation zones. Cr-rich oxides appeared only at coherent Σ3 GBs fronts, and no continuous Cr₂O₃ film formed on cracked high-angle grain boundaries. These findings indicate that the alkaline solution accelerates Cr-rich oxide dissolution at GBs while inhibiting protective Cr₂O₃ formation and that deformation-induced stress/strain facilitates oxidation and intergranular crack growth. This work quantitatively elucidates the coupled effects of oxidation and plastic deformation, validates high-temperature alkaline solution testing as a degradation–screening method and offers critical insights for service-life assessment and expansion–process optimization of Alloy 690 plugs.
  • Understanding Crew Estimations for Icebreaker Assistance in Ice-Covered Waters
    (2025) Musharraf, Mashrura; Liu, Cong; Smith, Jennifer A.
    A3 Kirjan tai muun kokoomateoksen osa
    In ice-covered waters, merchant vessels often require assistance from icebreakers to avoid navigational hazards such as besetment and hull damage. Given that icebreakers are a limited resource, accurately estimating the need for assistance is crucial for the efficiency and safety of winter navigation. This estimation is non-trivial and involves several interconnected factors, including traffic restrictions, ice conditions, weather conditions, and vessel characteristics. Currently, icebreaker captains depend heavily on their experience to assess this need; however, there is a lack of understanding in how crews on board actually make these estimations. This study aims to present a clearer understanding of the estimation process used by crews. Employing the Critical Decision Method (CDM), we investigate the crew’s goals, the specific features they consider, and their ranking of these features in their estimation process. In-depth interviews were conducted with four participants with extensive seafaring experience, ranging from 15 to 43 years, and varying degrees of involvement in icebreaker operations, from 6 to 18 years. The analysis of the interviews reveals that despite variations among interviewees in feature rankings, there is consistency in identifying key influencing features. The resulting experience-driven key features and rankings are compared with data-driven analysis by Liu et al. (2024). Both methods identify ice conditions, such as ridged ice, as having a significant impact on estimations. However, interviewees place additional emphasis on vessel characteristics such as engine power. This comparison illustrates how experience-driven insights can enhance data-driven analysis which are often limited by data quality and quantity. The outcomes of the study will contribute to the development of effective decision support tools for winter navigation.
  • Defining Ambiances from the field. Critical urban dimensions for a collective discussion.
    (2026-03-04) Palmese, Cristina; Atienza Badel, Ricardo; Carles, José Luis
    A4 Artikkeli konferenssijulkaisussa
    This communication aims at setting the basis for the exploratory work of WG4, “Innovation Scouting”, specifically in connection with the topic of this congress, “Defining Architectural and Urban Ambiances”. The main objective of WG4 is to identify relevant urban projects, designs and artistic interventions that have successfully integrated or been able to reveal specific sensorial and ambiance dimensions, whether the concept itself (ambiance) has been considered or not. A core question will feed this contribution: in which way can we contribute to the definition of ambiances with a more bottom-up strategy, one emerging from the physical field, from relevant cases and places, and building up a theoretical body? Would we define the concept of ambiances differently when departing from specific situated experiences and practices that can be considered as exemplary? This approach poses a question mark on the concept of definition itself. To define is first to delimit an observation area and phenomenon, the production of urban space in this case. But many questions arise when trying to determine basic aspects such as who is entitled to define, what should be included or left out, or which are the lens to be employed to this end. Furthermore, the exercise of defining seems to be particularly complex when approaching such an elusive concept as the one of ambiances, which tries to depict a series of phenomena instable by definition. However, if we believe that ambiances are to be experienced and characterized as a site- specific phenomenon, then its definition should also include this immersive dimension. Beyond our theoretical framework, a situated approach to the challenge of how to define ambiances will contribute with a critical view on the task, together with potentially some elements of response. Observing and trying to characterize an ambiance in situ, experiencing it with our body and senses, or even disrupting it to better understand its underlying principles, provides an essential concrete and physical dimension, one that can only be gained and understood from the inside. In this paper, we will discuss these questions on definition through a number of site- specific cases and observation methodologies which aim is to open a debate on the matter and give a start to the work of WG4. We will focus in particular on two projects by the contributors of this paper that focus on methodological approaches to urban environments and ambiances. Their results and potential contributions will be revisited in the light of the questions posed on how to define ambiances, both as a concept and as a situated experience: Cristina Palmese, Gülce Kırdar, José Luis Carles: A Multisensorial Approach to Urban Space: Placemaking through Sensory Insights. Ricardo Atienza, Robin Mcginley, Monica Sand: Atelier Art et re-action (Area) – Performing Urban Routines and Rituals.
  • Comparison of oxidation and SCC behavior in weld dilution zones and bulk of GTAW Alloy 52M cladding in PWR primary water
    (2026-05) Cui, Tongming; Zhou, Fujie; Tang, Yuanjie; Wang, Xiujie; Lu, Zhanpeng; Chen, Junjie; Xu, Xinhe; Li, Shuangyan; Zhang, Maolong; Lozano-Perez, Sergio; Hänninen, Hannu
    A1 Alkuperäisartikkeli tieteellisessä aikakauslehdessä
    The microstructures and oxide film properties of Alloy 52M weld overlay produced by cold-wire gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW) were characterized. Stress corrosion cracking (SCC) growth rates were quantified in the weld dilution zone (DZ) and bulk of Alloy 52M using compact tension C(T) test specimens of a thick Alloy 52M weld overlay. A thicker Cr-rich inner oxide and more severe local oxidation penetration were observed on the DZ of the Alloy 52M weld overlay, compared with the compact Cr-rich oxide layer formed on the bulk of the Alloy 52M weld overlay. Lower Cr and higher Fe (20∼37 wt.%) in the DZ than in the bulk enhance oxidation and generation of cation vacancies by selective oxidation, promoting the formation of deeper local oxidation penetrations and a less compact oxide film on the DZ than on the bulk. The average SCC crack growth rate is accelerated by macroscopic Cr-dilution and Fe-enrichment in the DZ, and the local intergranular SCC propagation at the crack front is further enhanced by the Cr-depletion at the grain boundaries, resulting in the accelerated vacancy migration rate under the high stress concentration at the crack front or crack tip.
  • Synergistic effects of ordered phase precipitation and grain boundary characteristics on SCC performance of nickel-based alloys in simulated PWR primary water
    (2026-01) Zhou, Fujie; Wang, Xiujie; Zhang, Kun; Pan, Deng; Xu, Xinhe; Chen, Junjie; Lu, Zhanpeng; Cui, Tongming; Ru, Xiangkun; Hänninen, Hannu; Lozano-Perez, Sergio; Shoji, Tetsuo
    A1 Alkuperäisartikkeli tieteellisessä aikakauslehdessä
    This study investigates the effects of thermal aging at 500 °C for 4800 h on the long-range ordering (LRO) and grain boundary characteristics of Ni33Cr and Ni33Cr1Fe alloys. The stress corrosion cracking (SCC) behaviors of the thermal-aged alloys in simulated pressurized water reactor (PWR) primary water at 325 °C are investigated by slow strain rate tests. Highly saturated Ni₂Cr LRO phases precipitated in Ni33Cr alloy during thermal aging, significantly increasing hardness but reducing ductility. Fe addition in Ni33Cr1Fe alloy exhibits suppressed LRO phase formation during thermal aging. The synergistic effect of a highly saturated LRO structure and grain boundary CrDZ significantly increases the susceptibility of Ni33Cr alloy to intergranular stress corrosion cracking (IGSCC). In the thermally-aged Ni33Cr alloy, intergranular cracking is particularly pronounced, with a surface crack density of 13 cracks per unit area. Furthermore, cross-sectional observation on the side surface of the specimen revealed over 15 cracks, with an average depth of approximately 170.1 ± 72.9 μm. In the thermally-aged Ni33Cr1Fe alloy, the suppression of the LRO phenomenon results in markedly less severe IGSCC. The surface crack density is only 2 cracks per unit area, and a cross-sectional view of the specimen side surface showed only 4 cracks, with an average depth of approximately 10.2 ± 5.5 μm. Grain boundary carbides would block crack advance by hindering crack tip deformation or oxidation, while resulting in Cr-depletion that promotes crack advance, exhibiting a dual effect. The coupled impact of LRO phases and characteristics on the SCC of nickel-based alloys is discussed.
  • Facial feature-based interpretable machine learning models predicting human thermal comfort : Insights from young people with different BMIs
    (2025-10-01) He, Mengyuan; Liu, Hong; Xiong, Fengwei; Kosonen, Risto; Kilpeläinen, Simo; Chen, Minzhou; Mustakallio, Panu; Zheng, Peiping; Li, Baizhan
    A1 Alkuperäisartikkeli tieteellisessä aikakauslehdessä
    An association between body-mass-index (BMI) and human thermoregulatory responses in warm environments has been established in previous studies [1,2]. To investigate the thermal comfort differences among people with varying BMIs, 40 participants—categorized into three BMI groups: lower (17.9 ± 0.6 kg/m2), normal (21.1 ± 1.6 kg/m2), and higher groups (25.8 ± 0.96 kg/m2)—were recruited for the experiments at 30, 32, and 34 °C. Facial red-green-blue (RGB) and thermal images were acquired alongside measurements of mean skin temperature (MST), mean skin wettedness (MSW), and perceived sweating vote (PSV). OpenCV, optical character recognition (OCR), and look-up table (LUT) mapping were employed to extract facial regions of interest (ROIs), identify temperature bar, and align RGB and thermal imagery. Interpretable machine learning (ML) models for MSW and PSV were developed using twelve input combinations based on facial ROIs and additional variables. Results indicated that at equivalent air temperatures, the maximum differences in MST, MSW and PSV across BMI groups reached approximately 0.5 °C, 0.1 and 0.4 scales, respectively. The average facial ROIs temperatures in the lower and normal BMI groups were ∼1–2 °C higher than those in the higher BMI group. Furthermore, XGBoost and AdaBoost algorithms yielded robust prediction performance for different BMI groups, with coefficients of determination (R2) ranging from 80–90 %. Shapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) analysis revealed that MST, Time, Forehead and Cheeks were the most influential features. These findings provide new insights into the role of BMI in physiological responses and highlight the potential of non-invasive facial imaging and interpretable ML in designing occupant-centric thermal environments.
  • FMUiL : An open-source package for in-the-loop simulations with functional mock-up units
    (2026-06) Klemets, K.; Bouzoulas, D.; Manngård, M.; Böling, J. M.
    Data Article
    Functional Mock-up Units in the Loop (FMUiL) is an open-source Python package designed to support virtual commissioning and design phases of projects. It combines the FMI and OPC UA standards to enable the co-simulation between simulation models, software, and hardware. Since the FMI standard does not specify how co-simulation between FMUs and external systems should be handled, FMUiL uses the OPC UA communication protocol, which is widely adopted in the process automation industry, to manage the data exchange between devices and systems. Simulation models are wrapped as OPC UA servers that can be connected to external servers. To simplify experiment setup and ensure reproducibility, FMUiL uses YAML configuration files to define simulation scenarios and experiments, which can then be executed through the provided command-line interface. This paper documents the architecture and functionality of the FMUiL package, describes how experiments are configured, and demonstrates its use through practical examples.
  • Effects of post-weld heat treatment on nanoscale microstructural degradation and primary water stress corrosion cracking resistance of submerged-arc-welded Alloy 52M overlays
    (2025-11) Xu, Xinhe; Pan, Deng; Zheng, Yushan; Zhou, Fujie; Lu, Zhanpeng; Cui, Tongming; Chen, Junjie; Li, Shuangyan; Zhang, Maorong; Lozano-Perez, Sergio; Hänninen, Hannu
    A1 Alkuperäisartikkeli tieteellisessä aikakauslehdessä
    This study examines the impact of post-weld heat treatment (PWHT) time on the nano-scale microstructural evolution and stress corrosion cracking (SCC) resistance of submerged-arc-welded Alloy 52 M overlay on SA508 low-alloy steel. In the 40 h PWHT Alloy 52 M transition zones (TZs), the grain boundary precipitation and the degree of Cr-depletion at about 0.5 mm, 1.9 mm, and 3.5 mm from the fusion boundary (FB) exceed those at the corresponding positions in the 5 h PWHT Alloy 52 M TZs. In the TZ close to the FB, the Cr content at grain boundaries can be as low as 10 wt%, retaining high dislocation density and grain boundary misorientation. Intergranular oxidation zones (> 50 nm depth) are observed at the SCC crack tips located 0.5 mm and 1.9 mm from the FB in the 40 h PWHT Alloy 52 M TZs, whereas such zones are absent in the counterparts treated with 5 h PWHT. Deeper Cr/Fe-depleted and Ni-enriched zones and greater lattice distortion at the crack tips in 40 h PWHT samples than in 5 h PWHT samples, contributing to higher average and local intergranular SCC crack growth rates as well as a larger proportion of intergranular fracture area.
  • Style Matters: Intellectual Property Rights and the New Creative Economy
    (2025-11-23) Isohanni, Perttu; Hietanen-Kunwald, Petra
    A3 Kirjan tai muun kokoomateoksen osa
    The rapid emergence of generative artificial intelligence (GenAI) poses an existential threat to the creative profession. It not only serves as a potential substitute for human creativity in general, but also threatens to displace specific artists by reproducing their unique artistic styles. A distinct artistic style serves as an economic asset for an artist, but also as a reflection of their personal identity. Therefore, safeguarding the continued development of such artistic styles is essential not only to protecting economic opportunities for artists but also to preserving their artistic integrity and fostering a culturally rich, human-centric creative landscape. Nevertheless, granting extensive legal protection to individual artistic styles poses significant challenges. Imitation and adaptation of artistic styles have always been integral to human creativity. Copyright law addresses this by being cautious of not affording monopolies over ideas but by granting protection to expressions of ideas. While stylistic features, particularly in visual arts, can sometimes be difficult to distinguish from original creative expressions protectable by copyright, this chapter suggests that such features may not play a central role in assessing infringement, as doing so could risk undue limitations on the creative freedom of others. Instead, it argues that efforts should focus on upholding moral rights to prevent false attribution of works not created by the artist and to protect against derogatory treatments of works that could harm the artist’s reputation. Finally, it is suggested that intellectual property rights and remuneration models adapt to the changing creative landscape by allowing artists to be compensated for the use of their names to generate new works specifically designed to reproduce their artistic styles.
  • The Italian version of the Rotterdam Emotional Intelligence Scale: implications for career transitions, employability and work engagement among young professionals
    (2026-12-14) Margheritti, Simona; Gatti, Paola; Picco, Eleonora; Miglioretti, Massimo
    A1 Alkuperäisartikkeli tieteellisessä aikakauslehdessä
    Purpose: In the face of fast-paced changes and career uncertainty, emotional intelligence (EI) is a critical resource enabling young professionals to adapt to stressful working environments and to sustainably navigate career transitions. The present study aimed to (1) validate the Italian version of the Rotterdam Emotional Intelligence Scale (REIS-IT) and (2) assess its association with perceived employability (PE) and work engagement (WE) among young professionals. Design/methodology/approach: Following a back-translation process, Study 1 evaluated the REIS’sfactorial structure and reliability in a sample of 385 newly graduated individuals. In Study 2, the factorial structure was further validated through Confirmatory Factor Analysis, using a sample of 523 participants. Invariance tests assessed the robustness of the REIS across different groups (i.e. employees vs. students, males vs. females). Finally, in Study 3, the REIS’sfactorial structure and criterion validity were tested in another sample of 385 participants. Findings: The findings confirm that the REIS-IT adheres to a four-factor structure and that EI can be reliably measured using 26 items instead of the 28 items in the original Dutch version. The invariance tests demonstrated that factor loadings were consistent across different groups, and the REIS-IT was associated with both PE and WE, establishing its criterion validity. Originality/value: The findings highlight that the REIS-IT is a robust and reliable tool for measuring EI in the Italian context across diverse samples. Additionally, the study confirmed the positive relationship between EI, PE and WE, reinforcing the role of EI as a key resource for young professionals navigating career transitions.
  • Reviewing Manuscripts in Engineering Education Journals - Reflections and Advice
    (2025) Edström, Kristina; Oliveira de Andrade, Matheus; Bernhard, Jonte; Chance, Shannon Massie; Björklund, Tua; Male, Sally; Thomson, Gareth; Broadbent, Rebecca; May, Dominik; Mitchell, John; Saunders, Fiona; Ventura-Medina, Esther
    A4 Artikkeli konferenssijulkaisussa
    This workshop focuses on peer review of journal manuscripts in the field of engineering education research. Together we will consider how to review manuscripts fairly, constructively and effectively. We will also discuss the ethics and implications of generative AI on submissions and on the peer review process. Both experienced and new reviewers are invited to this workshop, with a particularly warm welcome extended to doctoral students in engineering education research. The aim of the workshop is to contribute to the capacity for peer review among the engineering education research community, and to seek consensus or at least improved understanding of any tensions.
  • Identifying critical risk influencing factors for autonomous ship navigation in winter conditions
    (2026-12) Farokhi, Raheleh; Basnet, Sunil; Valdez Banda, Osiris
    A2 Katsausartikkeli tieteellisessä aikakauslehdessä
    The shipping industry’s transition towards greener and more autonomous solutions is crucial for achieving maritime sustainability and enhancing operational performance. This shift necessitates assessing the risks introduced by these innovations, particularly in the challenging winter conditions of the Baltic Sea. This study proposes a framework to identify the critical risk influencing factors (RIFs) affecting the combined use case of Maritime Autonomous Surface Ships (MASS) and winter navigation. The framework applies the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) methodology to conduct a systematic literature review (SLR) and identify relevant RIFs, which are refined using expert input. The model uses pairwise comparisons to estimate the relative occurrence probability of RIFs. These values are then used to develop a Bayesian Network (BN) model, producing a ranked list of critical risks and their interdependencies. Furthermore, the uncertainty assessment of the BN model indicated that the model’s uncertainty is moderate, primarily due to data limitations. The model’s capability to identify high-risk situations provides valuable insight for decision-makers, supporting the safe integration of autonomous technologies and sustainable maritime development. The results highlight the need for future empirical validation to enhance risk assessments to support the safe and sustainable growth of autonomous shipping.
  • Tool Condition Monitoring from Workpiece Surface Using an Eddy Current Probe
    (2026) Kinnunen, Kalle; Viitala, Raine
    A1 Alkuperäisartikkeli tieteellisessä aikakauslehdessä
    Eddy current probes are common in various applications, such as nondestructive testing, displacement measurement, and condition monitoring. However, they have not been extensively applied to machining tool condition monitoring. The present study addresses this gap. This study investigates a tool condition monitoring method using an eddy current probe. An eddy current probe is used to scan face-milled surfaces, and the tool condition is inferred from the probe response. Two probes with different shapes were used: a round-shaped coil and a racetrack-shaped coil. The probes are used to scan surfaces milled using face milling inserts with different wear states. The insert wear is determined from the eddy current probe responses that were processed by filtering and discrete Fourier transform (DFT). The peak height of the resulting frequency spectra was used to determine the tool condition. The results indicate that the method is suitable for tool condition monitoring. In general, the response peak height increased as the inserts were more worn. The results also show that the eddy current probe shape has a significant influence on the wear measurement. The racetrack coil was significantly more sensitive for wear measurement compared to the round coil. Future studies could investigate the use of different coil configurations, such as reflection probes or probe arrays.
  • Effect of diamond burnishing treatment parameters on eddy current displacement measurement
    (2025) Karhu, Veeti; Kinnunen, Kalle; Viitala, Raine
    A4 Artikkeli konferenssijulkaisussa
    Eddy current sensors are commonly used in rotating machinery for condition monitoring by detecting shaft vibrations. These sensors measure the relative distance between the sensor and the shaft by inducing eddy currents on the surface of the shaft without physical contact, enabling the inference of shaft vibrations. The strength of the induced eddy currents correlates with the distance to the shaft. However, the strength of the eddy currents is also influenced by electrical properties. Electrical properties between the measurement points may vary, as the shaft rotates, potentially introducing measurement errors. Diamond burnishing treatment is a known and proposed method for reducing measurement errors by modifying the surface characteristics of the test piece. In this treatment, a rounded diamond is pressed against the surface as it moves. Hence, it enhances the surface, homogenizing residual stress, roughness, and microstructure more consistent across the treated area. There is a limited amount of published research on optimal parameters for diamond burnishing to minimize measurement errors. In this study, three force parameters were applied during diamond burnishing process, and their effects on measurement error across different shaft diameters were investigated. Results show that no single force parameter consistently produced the best outcomes. The diameter of test piece appears to have more effect on the measurement error than the force applied. The results also indicate that optimal force parameter varies with different diameters. The results of this study can assist companies in complying with strict standards for measurement error, enabling more efficient error minimization.
  • A structured review of the potential role of school leaders in making teaching more attractive
    (2026) See, Beng Huat; Gorard, Stephen; El Soufi, Nada; Ledger, Mark; Morris, Rebecca; Maude, Kulwinder; Ivarsson-Keng, Nicole
    A2 Katsausartikkeli tieteellisessä aikakauslehdessä
    Some attempts to address the worldwide shortage of teachers focus on raising the prestige of teaching, and making the occupation more appealing. Teacher job satisfaction and well-being have been identified as important factors linked to the status of teachers, with school leadership reportedly playing a key role. This paper is part of a larger review of 96 studies about teacher retention. Here we present the findings from 28 studies on effective leadership practices and attributes relevant to teacher well-being. These studies were identified via a systematic search of five large databases and other sources, and their results synthesised in terms of the strength of the evidence. There is some consensus that “effective” leaders share a combination of attributes - supportive, empowering and creating a positive teaching and learning environment. However, research in this field is replete with methodological flaws, almost all is correctional at best, making it difficult to make any causal claims. There is no clear and consistent definition of “effective” leadership. “Effective” school leaders are believed to exhibit a combination of various characteristics. What these characteristics are is difficult to define as the same label can be given to different constructs and different labels for similar constructs. The outcome measures (well-being and job satisfaction) are also rather nebulous, with multiple components. Most of these measures are based on respondents’ subjective assessment. In conclusion, it is far from clear how to make leaders more effective in promoting teacher well-being, and even what effective leaders look like.