Browsing by Department "University of Oxford"
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Item Audio technology and mobile human computer interaction(The Information Resources Management Association (IRMA), 2017-10-01) Chamberlain, Alan; Bødker, Mads; Hazzard, Adrian; McGookin, David; De Roure, David; Willcox, Pip; Papangelis, Konstantinos; University of Nottingham; Copenhagen Business School; Department of Computer Science; University of Oxford; Xi'an Jiaotong-Liverpool UniversityAudio-based mobile technology is opening up a range of new interactive possibilities. This paper brings some of those possibilities to light by offering a range of perspectives based in this area. It is not only the technical systems that are developing, but novel approaches to the design and understanding of audio-based mobile systems are evolving to offer new perspectives on interaction and design and support such systems to be applied in areas, such as the humanities.Item Bose-Hubbard lattice as a controllable environment for open quantum systems(2018-04-09) Cosco, Francesco; Borrelli, Massimo; Mendoza-Arenas, Juan José; Plastina, Francesco; Jaksch, Dieter; Maniscalco, Sabrina; University of Turku; Universidad de los Andes Colombia; University of Calabria; University of Oxford; Centre of Excellence in Quantum Technology, QTF; Department of Applied PhysicsWe investigate the open dynamics of an atomic impurity embedded in a one-dimensional Bose-Hubbard lattice. We derive the reduced evolution equation for the impurity and show that the Bose-Hubbard lattice behaves as a tunable engineered environment allowing one to simulate both Markovian and non-Markovian dynamics in a controlled and experimentally realizable way. We demonstrate that the presence or absence of memory effects is a signature of the nature of the excitations induced by the impurity, being delocalized or localized in the two limiting cases of a superfluid and Mott insulator, respectively. Furthermore, our findings show how the excitations supported in the two phases can be characterized as information carriers.Item The Dirichlet problem for the Jacobian equation in critical and supercritical Sobolev spaces(Springer New York, 2021-02) Guerra, André; Koch, Lukas; Lindberg, Sauli; University of Oxford; Department of Mathematics and Systems AnalysisWe study existence and regularity of solutions to the Dirichlet problem for the prescribed Jacobian equation, det Du= f, where f is integrable and bounded away from zero. In particular, we take f∈ Lp, where p> 1 , or in Llog L. We prove that for a Baire-generic f in either space there are no solutions with the expected regularity.Item Discovery of optical and infrared accretion disc wind signatures in the black hole candidate MAXI J1348 630(EDP Sciences, 2022-08-10) Panizo-Espinar, G.; Armas Padilla, M.; Muñoz-Darias, T.; Koljonen, K. I.I.; Cúneo, V. A.; Sánchez-Sierras, J.; Mata Sánchez, D.; Casares, J.; Corral-Santana, J.; Fender, R. P.; Jiménez-Ibarra, F.; Ponti, G.; Steeghs, D.; Torres, M. A.P.; Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias; Metsähovi Radio Observatory; European Southern Observatory Santiago; University of Oxford; Macquarie University; Osservatorio Astronomico di Brera; University of WarwickMAXI J1348 630 is a low mass X-ray binary discovered in 2019 during a bright outburst. During this event, the system experienced both hard and soft states following the standard evolution. We present multi-epoch optical and near-infrared spectroscopy obtained with X-shooter at the Very Large Telescope. Our dataset includes spectra taken during the brightest phases of the outburst as well as the decay towards quiescence. We study the evolution of the main emission lines, paying special attention to the presence of features commonly associated with accretion disc winds, such as blueshifted absorptions, broad emission line wings and flat-top profiles. We find broad emission line wings in Hα during the hard-to-soft transition and blueshifted absorption troughs at 500 km s 1 in Hβ, He I 5876, Hα and Paβ during the bright soft-intermediate state. In addition, flat-top profiles are seen throughout the outburst. We interpret these observables as signatures of a cold (i.e., optical-to-infrared) accretion disc wind present in the system. We discuss the properties of the wind and compare them with those seen in other X-ray transients. In particular, the wind velocity that we observe is low when compared to those of other systems, which might be a direct consequence of the relatively low binary inclination, as suggested by several observables. This study strengthens the hypothesis that cold winds are a common feature in low mass X-ray binaries and that they can also be detected in low inclination objects via high-quality optical and infrared spectroscopy.Item Does a trade-off between fertility and predation risk explain social evolution in baboons?(2018-12-23) Dunbar, R. I.M.; Mac Carron, P.; Department of Computer Science; University of OxfordThe distribution of group sizes in woodland baboons forms a pair of demographic oscillators that trade fertility off against predation risk. Fertility rates, however, set an upper limit on group size of around 90–95 animals. Despite this, two species of baboons (hamadryas and gelada) have groups that significantly exceed this limit, suggesting that these two species have been able to break through this fertility constraint. We suggest that they have done so by adopting a form of social substructuring that uses males as ‘hired guns’ to minimize the stresses of living in the unusually large groups required by high predation risk habitats.Item Dynamics of hierarchical weighted networks of van der Pol oscillators(American Institute of Physics Publising LLC, 2020-12-01) Monsivais-Velazquez, Daniel; Bhattacharya, Kunal; Barrio, Rafael A.; Maini, Philip K.; Kaski, Kimmo K.; Kaski Kimmo group; Department of Industrial Engineering and Management; Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; University of Oxford; Department of Computer ScienceWe investigate the dynamics of regular fractal-like networks of hierarchically coupled van der Pol oscillators. The hierarchy is imposed in terms of the coupling strengths or link weights. We study the low frequency modes, as well as frequency and phase synchronization, in the network by a process of repeated coarse-graining of oscillator units. At any given stage of this process, we sum over the signals from the oscillator units of a clique to obtain a new oscillating unit. The frequencies and the phases for the coarse-grained oscillators are found to progressively synchronize with the number of coarse-graining steps. Furthermore, the characteristic frequency is found to decrease and finally stabilize to a value that can be tuned via the parameters of the system. We compare our numerical results with those of an approximate analytic solution and find good qualitative agreement. Our study on this idealized model shows how oscillations with a precise frequency can be obtained in systems with heterogeneous couplings. It also demonstrates the effect of imposing a hierarchy in terms of link weights instead of one that is solely topological, where the connectivity between oscillators would be the determining factor, as is usually the case.Item Early development of synchrony in cortical activations in the human(2016-05-13) Koolen, N.; Dereymaeker, A.; Räsänen, O.; Jansen, K.; Vervisch, J.; Matic, V.; Naulaers, G.; De Vos, M.; Van Huffel, S.; Vanhatalo, S.; KU Leuven; Dept Signal Process and Acoust; University of Oxford; Helsinki University Central HospitalEarly intermittent cortical activity is thought to play a crucial role in the growth of neuronal network development, and large scale brain networks are known to provide the basis for higher brain functions. Yet, the early development of the large scale synchrony in cortical activations is unknown. Here, we tested the hypothesis that the early intermittent cortical activations seen in the human scalp EEG show a clear developmental course during the last trimester of pregnancy, the period of intensive growth of cortico-cortical connections. We recorded scalp EEG from altogether 22 premature infants at post-menstrual age between 30 and 44 weeks, and the early cortical synchrony was quantified using recently introduced activation synchrony index (ASI). The developmental correlations of ASI were computed for individual EEG signals as well as anatomically and mathematically defined spatial subgroups. We report two main findings. First, we observed a robust and statistically significant increase in ASI in all cortical areas. Second, there were significant spatial gradients in the synchrony in fronto-occipital and left-to-right directions. These findings provide evidence that early cortical activity is increasingly synchronized across the neocortex. The ASI-based metrics introduced in our work allow direct translational comparison to in vivo animal models, as well as hold promise for implementation as a functional developmental biomarker in future research on human neonates.Item HAPNEST : efficient, large-scale generation and evaluation of synthetic datasets for genotypes and phenotypes(Oxford University Press, 2023-09-02) Wharrie, Sophie; Yang, Zhiyu; Raj, Vishnu; Monti, Remo; Gupta, Rahul; Wang, Ying; Martin, Alicia; O'Connor, Luke J.; Kaski, Samuel; Marttinen, Pekka; Palamara, Pier Francesco; Lippert, Christoph; Ganna, Andrea; Department of Computer Science; University of Helsinki; Professorship Marttinen P.; University of Potsdam; Broad Institute; Computer Science Professors; University of OxfordMOTIVATION: Existing methods for simulating synthetic genotype and phenotype datasets have limited scalability, constraining their usability for large-scale analyses. Moreover, a systematic approach for evaluating synthetic data quality and a benchmark synthetic dataset for developing and evaluating methods for polygenic risk scores are lacking. RESULTS: We present HAPNEST, a novel approach for efficiently generating diverse individual-level genotypic and phenotypic data. In comparison to alternative methods, HAPNEST shows faster computational speed and a lower degree of relatedness with reference panels, while generating datasets that preserve key statistical properties of real data. These desirable synthetic data properties enabled us to generate 6.8 million common variants and nine phenotypes with varying degrees of heritability and polygenicity across 1 million individuals. We demonstrate how HAPNEST can facilitate biobank-scale analyses through the comparison of seven methods to generate polygenic risk scoring across multiple ancestry groups and different genetic architectures. AVAILABILITY AND IMPLEMENTATION: A synthetic dataset of 1 008 000 individuals and nine traits for 6.8 million common variants is available at https://www.ebi.ac.uk/biostudies/studies/S-BSST936. The HAPNEST software for generating synthetic datasets is available as Docker/Singularity containers and open source Julia and C code at https://github.com/intervene-EU-H2020/synthetic_data.Item High-energy gamma-ray observations of the accreting black hole V404 Cygni during its 2015 June outburst(2016-10-11) Loh, A.; Corbel, S.; Dubus, G.; Rodriguez, J.; Grenier, I.; Hovatta, T.; Pearson, T.; Readhead, A.; Fender, R.; Mooley, K.; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Université Grenoble Alpes; Metsähovi Radio Observatory; California Institute of Technology; University of Oxford; Department of Radio Science and EngineeringWe report on Fermi/Large Area Telescope observations of the accreting black hole low-mass X-ray binary V404 Cygni during its outburst in 2015 June-July. Detailed analyses reveal a possible excess of γ -ray emission on 2015 26 June, with a very soft spectrum above 100 MeV, at a position consistent with the direction of V404 Cyg (within the 95 per cent confidence region and a chance probability of 4 × 10-4). This emission cannot be associated with any previously known Fermi source. Its temporal coincidence with the brightest radio and hard X-ray flare in the light curve of V404 Cyg, at the end of the main active phase of its outburst, strengthens the association with V404 Cyg. If the γ -ray emission is associated with V404 Cyg, the simultaneous detection of 511 keV annihilation emission by INTEGRAL reqires that the high-energy γ -rays originate away from the corona, possibly in a Blandford-Znajek jet. The data give support to models involving a magnetically arrested disc where a bright γ -ray jet can re-form after the occurrence of a major transient ejection seen in the radio.Item Improved learning of k-parities(ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV, 2020-11-06) Bhattacharyya, Arnab; Gadekar, Ameet; Rajgopal, Ninad; Indian Institute of Science Bangalore; Department of Computer Science; University of OxfordWe consider the problem of learning k-parities in the online mistake-bound model: given a hidden vector x∈{0,1}n where the hamming weight of x is k and a sequence of “questions” a1,a2,…∈{0,1}n, where the algorithm must reply to each question with 〈ai,x〉(mod2), what is the best trade-off between the number of mistakes made by the algorithm and its time complexity? We improve the previous best result of Buhrman et al. [3] by an exp(k) factor in the time complexity. Next, we consider the problem of learning k-parities in the PAC model in the presence of random classification noise of rate [Formula Presented]. Here, we observe that even in the presence of classification noise of non-trivial rate, it is possible to learn k-parities in time better than (nk/2), whereas the current best algorithm for learning noisy k-parities, due to Grigorescu et al. [9], inherently requires time (nk/2) even when the noise rate is polynomially small.Item Mapping Manuscript Migrations(UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA PRESS, 2018) Burrows, Toby; Hyvönen, Eero; Ransom, Lynn; Wijsman, Hanno; University of Oxford; Professorship Hyvönen Eero; University of Pennsylvania; French National Centre for Scientific Research; Department of Computer ScienceItem Maximum Likelihood Estimation of the Latent Class Model through Model Boundary Decomposition(Journal of Algebraic Statistics, 2019) Allman, Elizabeth S.; Banos, Hector; Evans, Robin; Hosten, Serkan; Kubjas, Kaie; Lemke, Daniel; Rhodes, John A.; Zwiernik, Piotr; University of Alaska Fairbanks; University of Oxford; San Francisco State University; Statistics and Mathematical Data Science; Synopsys; Pompeu Fabra University; Department of Mathematics and Systems AnalysisThe Expectation-Maximization (EM) algorithm is routinely used for maximum likelihood estimation in latent class analysis. However, the EM algorithm comes with no global guarantees of reaching the global optimum. We study the geometry of the latent class model in order to understand the behavior of the maximum likelihood estimator. In particular, we characterize the boundary stratification of the binary latent class model with a binary hidden variable. For small models, such as for three binary observed variables, we show that this stratification allows exact computation of the maximum likelihood estimator. In this case we use simulations to study the maximum likelihood estimation attraction basins of the various strata and performance of the EM algorithm. Our theoretical study is complemented with a careful analysis of the EM fixed point ideal which provides an alternative method of studying the boundary stratification and maximizing the likelihood function. In particular, we compute the minimal primes of this ideal in the case of a binary latent class model with a binary or ternary hidden random variable.Item Modeling social dynamics in a collaborative environment(2014) Iniguez Gonzalez, Gerardo; Török, János; Yasseri, Taha; Kaski, Kimmo; Kertész, János; BECS; Budapest University of Technology and Economics; University of Oxford; Department of Computer ScienceWikipedia is a prime example of today’s value production in a collaborative environment. Using this example, we model the emergence, persistence and resolution of severe conflicts during collaboration by coupling opinion formation with article editing in a bounded confidence dynamics. The complex social behavior involved in editing articles is implemented as a minimal model with two basic elements; (i) individuals interact directly to share information and convince each other, and (ii) they edit a common medium to establish their own opinions. Opinions of the editors and that represented by the article are characterised by a scalar variable. When the pool of editors is fixed, three regimes can be distinguished: (a) a stable mainstream article opinion is continuously contested by editors with extremist views and there is slow convergence towards consensus, (b) the article oscillates between editors with extremist views, reaching consensus relatively fast at one of the extremes, and (c) the extremist editors are converted very fast to the mainstream opinion and the article has an erratic evolution. When editors are renewed with a certain rate, a dynamical transition occurs between different kinds of edit wars, which qualitatively reflect the dynamics of conflicts as observed in real Wikipedia data.Item Modeling temporal networks with bursty activity patterns of nodes and links(American Physical Society, 2020-04-24) Hiraoka, Takayuki; Masuda, Naoki; Li, Aming; Jo, Hang-Hyun; Department of Computer Science; State University of New York at Buffalo; University of Oxford; Catholic University of KoreaThe concept of temporal networks provides a framework to understand how the interaction between system components changes over time. In empirical communication data, we often detect non-Poissonian, so-called bursty behavior in the activity of nodes as well as in the interaction between nodes. However, such reconciliation between node burstiness and link burstiness cannot be explained if the interaction processes on different links are independent of each other. This is because the activity of a node is the superposition of the interaction processes on the links incident to the node, and the superposition of independent bursty point processes is not bursty in general. Here we introduce a temporal network model based on bursty node activation, and we show that it leads to heavy-tailed interevent time distributions for both node dynamics and link dynamics. Our analysis indicates that activation processes intrinsic to nodes give rise to dynamical correlations across links. Our framework offers a way to model competition and correlation between links, which is key to understanding dynamical processes in various systems.Item Morningness–eveningness assessment from mobile phone communication analysis(Nature Publishing Group, 2021-07-16) Roy, Chandreyee; Monsivais, Daniel; Bhattacharya, Kunal; Dunbar, Robin I.M.; Kaski, Kimmo; Department of Computer Science; Kaski Kimmo group; Department of Industrial Engineering and Management; University of OxfordHuman behaviour follows a 24-h rhythm and is known to be governed by the individual chronotypes. Due to the widespread use of technology in our daily lives, it is possible to record the activities of individuals through their different digital traces. In the present study we utilise a large mobile phone communication dataset containing time stamps of calls and text messages to study the circadian rhythms of anonymous users in a European country. After removing the effect of the synchronization of East-West sun progression with the calling activity, we used two closely related approaches to heuristically compute the chronotypes of the individuals in the dataset, to identify them as morning persons or “larks” and evening persons or “owls”. Using the computed chronotypes we showed how the chronotype is largely dependent on age with younger cohorts being more likely to be owls than older cohorts. Moreover, our analysis showed how on average females have distinctly different chronotypes from males. Younger femalesare more larkish than males while older females are more owlish. Finally, we also studied the period of low calling activity for each of the users which is considered as a marker of their sleep period during the night. We found that while “extreme larks” tend to sleep more than “extreme owls” on the weekends, we do not observe much variation between them on weekdays. In addition, we have observed that women tend to sleep even less than males on weekdays while there is not much difference between them on the weekends.Item Multichannel social signatures and persistent features of ego networks(2018-12) Heydari, Sara; Roberts, Sam G.; Dunbar, Robin I. M.; Saramäki, Jari; Department of Computer Science; Liverpool John Moores University; University of Oxford; Helsinki Institute for Information Technology (HIIT)The structure of egocentric networks reflects the way people balance their need for strong, emotionally intense relationships and a diversity of weaker ties. Egocentric network structure can be quantified with ’social signatures’, which describe how people distribute their communication effort across the members (alters) of their personal networks. Social signatures based on call data have indicated that people mostly communicate with a few close alters; they also have persistent, distinct signatures. To examine if these results hold for other channels of communication, here we compare social signatures built from call and text message data, and develop a way of constructing mixed social signatures using both channels. We observe that all types of signatures display persistent individual differences that remain stable despite the turnover in individual alters. We also show that call, text, and mixed signatures resemble one another both at the population level and at the level of individuals. The consistency of social signatures across individuals for different channels of communication is surprising because the choice of channel appears to be alter-specific with no clear overall pattern, and ego networks constructed from calls and texts overlap only partially in terms of alters. These results demonstrate individuals vary in how they allocate their communication effort across their personal networks and this variation is persistent over time and across different channels of communication.Item Non-Linear Dynamical Analysis of Resting Tremor for Demand-Driven Deep Brain Stimulation(Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI), 2019-06-01) Camara, Carmen; Subramaniyam, Narayan P.; Warwick, Kevin; Parkkonen, Lauri; Aziz, Tipu; Pereda, Ernesto; Department of Neuroscience and Biomedical Engineering; Coventry University; University of Oxford; Technical University of MadridParkinson's Disease (PD) is currently the second most common neurodegenerative disease. One of the most characteristic symptoms of PD is resting tremor. Local Field Potentials (LFPs) have been widely studied to investigate deviations from the typical patterns of healthy brain activity. However, the inherent dynamics of the Sub-Thalamic Nucleus (STN) LFPs and their spatiotemporal dynamics have not been well characterized. In this work, we study the non-linear dynamical behaviour of STN-LFPs of Parkinsonian patients using ε -recurrence networks. RNs are a non-linear analysis tool that encodes the geometric information of the underlying system, which can be characterised (for example, using graph theoretical measures) to extract information on the geometric properties of the attractor. Results show that the activity of the STN becomes more non-linear during the tremor episodes and that ε -recurrence network analysis is a suitable method to distinguish the transitions between movement conditions, anticipating theonset of the tremor, with the potential for application in a demand-driven deep brain stimulation system.Item Planck 2015 results(2016-10-01) Ade, P. A R; Aghanim, N.; Arnaud, M.; Ashdown, M.; Aumont, J.; Baccigalupi, C.; Banday, A. J.; Barreiro, R. B.; Bartlett, J. G.; Bartolo, N.; Battaner, E.; Battye, R.; Benabed, K.; Benoît, A.; Benoit-Lévy, A.; Bernard, J. P.; Bersanelli, M.; Bielewicz, P.; Bock, J. J.; Bonaldi, A.; Bonavera, L.; Bond, J. R.; Borrill, J.; Bouchet, F. R.; Boulanger, F.; Bucher, M.; Burigana, C.; Butler, R. C.; Calabrese, E.; Cardoso, J. F.; Catalano, A.; Challinor, A.; Chamballu, A.; Chary, R. R.; Chiang, H. C.; Chluba, J.; Christensen, P. R.; Church, S.; Clements, D. L.; Colombi, S.; Colombo, L. P L; Combet, C.; Coulais, A.; Crill, B. P.; Curto, A.; Cuttaia, F.; Danese, L.; Davies, R. D.; Davis, R. J.; De Bernardis, P.; De Rosa, A.; De Zotti, G.; Delabrouille, J.; Désert, F. X.; Di Valentino, E.; Dickinson, C.; Diego, J. M.; Dolag, K.; Dole, H.; Donzelli, S.; Doré, O.; Douspis, M.; Ducout, A.; Dunkley, J.; Dupac, X.; Efstathiou, G.; Elsner, F.; Enßlin, T. A.; Eriksen, H. K.; Farhang, M.; Fergusson, J.; Finelli, F.; Forni, O.; Frailis, M.; Fraisse, A. A.; Franceschi, E.; Frejsel, A.; Galeotta, S.; Galli, S.; Ganga, K.; Gauthier, C.; Gerbino, M.; Ghosh, T.; Giard, M.; Giraud-Héraud, Y.; Giusarma, E.; Gjerløw, E.; González-Nuevo, J.; Górski, K. M.; Gratton, S.; Gregorio, A.; Gruppuso, A.; Gudmundsson, J. E.; Hamann, J.; Hansen, F. K.; Hanson, D.; Harrison, D. L.; Helou, G.; Henrot-Versillé, S.; Hernández-Monteagudo, C.; Herranz, D.; Hildebrandt, S. R.; Hivon, E.; Hobson, M.; Holmes, W. A.; Hornstrup, A.; Hovest, W.; Huang, Z.; Huffenberger, K. M.; Hurier, G.; Jaffe, A. H.; Jaffe, T. R.; Jones, W. C.; Juvela, M.; Keihänen, E.; Keskitalo, R.; Kisner, T. S.; Kneissl, R.; Knoche, J.; Knox, L.; Kunz, M.; Kurki-Suonio, H.; Lagache, G.; Lähteenmäki, A.; Lamarre, J. M.; Lasenby, A.; Lattanzi, M.; Lawrence, C. R.; Leahy, J. P.; Leonardi, R.; Lesgourgues, J.; Levrier, F.; Lewis, A.; Liguori, M.; Lilje, P. B.; Linden-Vørnle, M.; López-Caniego, M.; Lubin, P. M.; Maciás-Pérez, J. F.; Maggio, G.; Maino, D.; Mandolesi, N.; Mangilli, A.; Marchini, A.; Maris, M.; Martin, P. G.; Martinelli, M.; Martínez-González, E.; Masi, S.; Matarrese, S.; Mcgehee, P.; Meinhold, P. R.; Melchiorri, A.; Melin, J. B.; Mendes, L.; Mennella, A.; Migliaccio, M.; Millea, M.; Mitra, S.; Miville-Deschênes, M. A.; Moneti, A.; Montier, L.; Morgante, G.; Mortlock, D.; Moss, A.; Munshi, D.; Murphy, J. A.; Naselsky, P.; Nati, F.; Natoli, P.; Netterfield, C. B.; Nørgaard-Nielsen, H. U.; Noviello, F.; Novikov, D.; Novikov, I.; Oxborrow, C. A.; Paci, F.; Pagano, L.; Pajot, F.; Paladini, R.; Paoletti, D.; Partridge, B.; Pasian, F.; Patanchon, G.; Pearson, T. J.; Perdereau, O.; Perotto, L.; Perrotta, F.; Pettorino, V.; Piacentini, F.; Piat, M.; Pierpaoli, E.; Pietrobon, D.; Plaszczynski, S.; Pointecouteau, E.; Polenta, G.; Popa, L.; Pratt, G. W.; Prézeau, G.; Prunet, S.; Puget, J. L.; Rachen, J. P.; Reach, W. T.; Rebolo, R.; Reinecke, M.; Remazeilles, M.; Renault, C.; Renzi, A.; Ristorcelli, I.; Rocha, G.; Rosset, C.; Rossetti, M.; Roudier, G.; Rouillé D'orfeuil, B.; Rowan-Robinson, M.; Rubinõ-Martín, J. A.; Rusholme, B.; Said, N.; Salvatelli, V.; Salvati, L.; Sandri, M.; Santos, D.; Savelainen, M.; Savini, G.; Scott, D.; Seiffert, M. D.; Serra, P.; Shellard, E. P S; Spencer, L. D.; Spinelli, M.; Stolyarov, V.; Stompor, R.; Sudiwala, R.; Sunyaev, R.; Sutton, D.; Suur-Uski, A. S.; Sygnet, J. F.; Tauber, J. A.; Terenzi, L.; Toffolatti, L.; Tomasi, M.; Tristram, M.; Trombetti, T.; Tucci, M.; Tuovinen, J.; Türler, M.; Umana, G.; Valenziano, L.; Väliviita, J.; Van Tent, F.; Vielva, P.; Villa, F.; Wade, L. A.; Wandelt, B. D.; Wehus, I. K.; White, M.; White, S. D M; Wilkinson, A.; Yvon, D.; Zacchei, A.; Zonca, A.; Cardiff University; CNRS/IN2P3; Service d'Astrophysique CEA; Kavli Institute for Cosmology Cambridge; University of Cambridge; International School for Advanced Studies; IRAP; Universite de Toulouse; Instituto de Física de Cantabria (CSIC-Universidad de Cantabria); Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology; AstroParticule et Cosmologie; Università Degli Studi di Padova; Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Padova, I-35131 Padova, Italy; University of Granada; University of Manchester; UMR7095; CNRS; University College London; INAF/IASF Milano; Università degli Studi di Milano; Nicolaus Copernicus Astronomical Center; California Institute of Technology; University of Toronto; University of California at Berkeley; Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory; Universite Paris Sorbonne - Paris IV; Institut d 'Astrophysique de Paris; INAF/IASF Bologna; Università di Ferrara; INFN, Sezione di Bologna; University of Oxford; UMR 5141; LERMA - Laboratoire d'Etudes du Rayonnement et de la Matiere en Astrophysique et Atmospheres; Laboratoire AIM, Service d’Astrophysique, DSM\IRFU, CEA\Saclay; Institut d'Astrophysique Spatiale; Princeton University; University of KwaZulu-Natal; Johns Hopkins University; Niels Bohr Institute; Stanford University; Imperial College London; University of Southern California; Universidad de Cantabria; Università La Sapienza; INAF, Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova; UMR 7095; Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich; Max-Planck-Institut für Astrophysik; Institut Universitaire de France; European Space Agcy, European Space Agency, ESAC, Planck Sci Off; University of Oslo; Shahid Beheshti University; Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste; University of Chicago; National Taiwan University; Stockholms universitet; NORDITA; University of Warsaw; Università Degli Studi di Trieste; Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare; CERN; University of Sydney; McGill University; Centro de Estudios de la Física del Cosmos de Aragón; Technical University of Denmark; Florida State University; University of Helsinki; European Southern Observatory Santiago; ALMA Santiago Central Offices; University of California; Université de Genève; African Institute for Mathematical Sciences; Helsinki Institute of Physics; Aix Marseille Universite; Department of Radio Science and Engineering; Metsähovi Radio Observatory; INFN, Sezione di Ferrara; Centro de Gestão e Estudos Estratégicos; RWTH Aachen University; University of Sussex; INFN, Sezione di Padova; University of California, Santa Barbara; INAF, Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste; Universite Paris-Sud; INFN, Sezione di Roma 1; University of Heidelberg; Gran Sasso Science Institute; CEA Saclay, CEA, DSM Irfu SPP; Inter-University Centre for Astronomy and Astrophysics; CNRS Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique; University of Nottingham; National University of Ireland; University of Copenhagen; ASI Science Data Center; RAS - Pn Lebedev Physics Institute; Haverford College; INAF, Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma; Institute for Space Sciences; Université Pierre and Marie Curie; Radboud University Nijmegen; Universities Space Research Association; Instituto Astrofisico de Canarias; CSIC; Universidad de La Laguna; Università di Roma Tor Vergata; Department of Applied Physics; ROTA – Topological superfluids; University of British Columbia; Special Astrophysical Observatory, Russian Academy of Sciences; Kazan Federal University; Space Research Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences; ESTEC - European Space Research and Technology Centre; Università degli Studi e-Campus; Universidad de Oviedo; Trinity College Dublin; INAF, Osservatorio Astrofisico di Catania; University of Illinois at Urbana-ChampaignThis paper presents cosmological results based on full-mission Planck observations of temperature and polarization anisotropies of the cosmic microwave background (CMB) radiation. Our results are in very good agreement with the 2013 analysis of the Planck nominal-mission temperature data, but with increased precision. The temperature and polarization power spectra are consistent with the standard spatially-flat 6-parameter ΛCDM cosmology with a power-law spectrum of adiabatic scalar perturbations (denoted "base ΛCDM" in this paper). From the Planck temperature data combined with Planck lensing, for this cosmology we find a Hubble constant, H0 = (67.8 ± 0.9) km s-1Mpc-1, a matter density parameter Ωm = 0.308 ± 0.012, and a tilted scalar spectral index with ns = 0.968 ± 0.006, consistent with the 2013 analysis. Note that in this abstract we quote 68% confidence limits on measured parameters and 95% upper limits on other parameters. We present the first results of polarization measurements with the Low FrequencyInstrument at large angular scales. Combined with the Planck temperature and lensing data, these measurements give a reionization optical depth of τ = 0.066 ± 0.016, corresponding to a reionization redshift of \hbox{$z-{\rm re}=8.8{+1.7}-{-1.4}$}. These results are consistent with those from WMAP polarization measurements cleaned for dust emission using 353-GHz polarization maps from the High Frequency Instrument. We find no evidence for any departure from base ΛCDM in the neutrino sector of the theory; for example, combining Planck observations with other astrophysical data we find Neff = 3.15 ± 0.23 for the effective number of relativistic degrees of freedom, consistent with the value Neff = 3.046 of the Standard Model of particle physics. The sum of neutrino masses is constrained to â'mν < 0.23 eV. The spatial curvature of our Universe is found to be very close to zero, with | ΩK | < 0.005. Adding a tensor component as a single-parameter extension to base ΛCDM we find an upper limit on the tensor-to-scalar ratio of r0.002< 0.11, consistent with the Planck 2013 results and consistent with the B-mode polarization constraints from a joint analysis of BICEP2, Keck Array, and Planck (BKP) data. Adding the BKP B-mode data to our analysis leads to a tighter constraint of r0.002 < 0.09 and disfavours inflationarymodels with a V(φ) φ2 potential. The addition of Planck polarization data leads to strong constraints on deviations from a purely adiabatic spectrum of fluctuations. We find no evidence for any contribution from isocurvature perturbations or from cosmic defects. Combining Planck data with other astrophysical data, including Type Ia supernovae, the equation of state of dark energy is constrained to w =-1.006 ± 0.045, consistent with the expected value for a cosmological constant. The standard big bang nucleosynthesis predictions for the helium and deuterium abundances for the best-fit Planck base ΛCDM cosmology are in excellent agreement with observations. We also constraints on annihilating dark matter and onpossible deviations from the standard recombination history. In neither case do we find no evidence for new physics. The Planck results for base ΛCDM are in good agreement with baryon acoustic oscillation data and with the JLA sample of Type Ia supernovae. However, as in the 2013 analysis, the amplitude of the fluctuation spectrum is found to be higher than inferred from some analyses of rich cluster counts and weak gravitational lensing. We show that these tensions cannot easily be resolved with simple modifications of the base ΛCDM cosmology. Apart from these tensions, the base ΛCDM cosmology provides an excellent description of the Planck CMB observations and many other astrophysical data sets.Item Quantifying gender preferences in human social interactions using a large cellphone dataset(Springer Science + Business Media, 2019-03-12) Ghosh, Asim; Monsivais, Daniel; Bhattacharya, Kunal; Dunbar, Robin I.M.; Kaski, Kimmo; Department of Computer Science; Kaski Kimmo group; University of OxfordIn human relations individuals’ gender and age play a key role in the structures and dynamics of their social arrangements. In order to analyze the gender preferences of individuals in interaction with others at different stages of their lives we study a large mobile phone dataset. To do this we consider four fundamental gender-related caller and callee combinations of human interactions, namely male to male, male to female, female to male, and female to female, which together with age, kinship, and different levels of friendship give rise to a wide scope of human sociality. Here we analyse the relative strength of these four types of interaction using call detail records. Our analysis suggests strong age dependence for an individual of one gender choosing to call an individual of either gender. We observe a strong bonding with the opposite gender across most of their reproductive age. However, older women show a strong tendency to connect to another female that is one generation younger in a way that is suggestive of the grandmothering effect. We also find that the relative strength among the four possible interactions depends on phone call duration. For calls of medium and long duration, opposite gender interactions are significantly more probable than same gender interactions during the reproductive years, suggesting potential emotional exchange between spouses. By measuring the fraction of calls to other generations we find that mothers tend to make calls more to their daughters than to their sons, whereas fathers make calls more to their sons than to their daughters. For younger callers, most of their calls go to the same generation contacts, while older people call the younger people more frequently, which supports the suggestion that affection flows downward. Our study primarily rests on resolving the nature of interactions by examining the durations of calls. In addition, we analyse the intensity of the observed effects using a score based on a null model.Item Reassembling the republic of letters - A linked data approach(RWTH Aachen University, 2018-01-01) Tuominen, Jouni; Mäkelä, Eetu; Hyvönen, Eero; Bosse, Arno; Lewis, Miranda; Hotson, Howard; Professorship Hyvönen Eero; University of Oxford; Department of Computer Science; Mäkelä, Eetu; Tolonen, Mikko; Tuominen, JouniBetween 1500 and 1800, a revolution in postal communication allowed ordinary men and women to scatter letters across and beyond Europe. This exchange helped knit together what contemporaries called the respublica litteraria, or Republic of Letters, a knowledge-based civil society, crucial to that era's intellectual breakthroughs, and formative of many modern European values and institutions. To enable effective Digital Humanities research on the epistolary data distributed in different countries and collections, metadata about the letters have been aggregated, harmonised, and provided for the research community through the Early Modern Letters Online (EMLO) catalogue. This paper discusses the idea and benefits of using Linked Data as the basis for a potential future framework for EMLO, and presents our experiences with a first demonstrator implementation of such a system.
