Browsing by Author "Vuorinen, Mikael"

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  • Optimised Power Purchase Agreements Between Green Hydrogen & Green Electricity Producers
    (2024-09-30) Vuorinen, Mikael
     School of Science | Master's thesis
    The EU has decided to set a climate goal to be carbon-neutral before 2050, and the goal of Finland is to achieve this already by 2035. To meet these targets, the energy production sector must do huge reforms. Green hydrogen is promising technology which can be used to meet the targets. Green Hydrogen is produced using electricity from renewable energy sources. Power Purchase Agreement (PPA) is needed to meet the supply and demand of green electricity between these two parties. This research has three main goals: 1) to optimize PPA (Power Purchase Agreement) models which are designed for green electricity and green hydrogen producers. Focusing on the Finnish electricity market, 2) to understand the effect of flexibility options in the green hydrogen value chain on forming PPA models, and 3) to identify the influence of EU legislation on the content of PPA models. This research includes both qualitative and quantitative methods. The research consists of three different phases: 1) forming PPA models and evaluating the impact of hydrogen value chain flexibility possibilities and EU legislation on PPA models. This was done by doing a systematic literature review and semi-structured interviews. 2) After that the second round of interviews was done to evaluate the reliability of the preliminary results. Based on interviews five PPA models were selected for further studies. 3) Profitability calculations were done to the selected five PPA models using a data-driven analysis. Finally, conclusion was done based on results. The results revealed that hydrogen producers have enough flexibility possibilities to adapt to the fluctuating electricity markets. Based on the data analysis, the optimal PPA model was the "First Megawatt" structure with dynamic price flexibility. This proved to be the best option for green hydrogen producers. This research gives understanding of PPA structures between green electricity producers and green hydrogen producers in Finland and other countries. Additionally, this research provides valuable knowledge of the flexibility possibilities in the hydrogen value chain and gives knowledge of the impact of EU legislation on PPA models. The most significant achievement of this research is the creation of the potential PPA models and to give the recommendation of a PPA model between green electricity and green hydrogen producers.
  • Pääomalaina tilinpäätöksessä ja verotuksessa
    (1998) Vuorinen, Mikael
     School of Business | Master's thesis