Browsing by Author "Siikonen, Marja Liisa"
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- Current and future trends in vertical transportation
A1 Alkuperäisartikkeli tieteellisessä aikakauslehdessä(2024-12-01) Siikonen, Marja LiisaIn the middle of the 19th century, the invention of a safety device that prevented elevators from falling enabled the construction of tall buildings and skyscrapers. In the middle of the 20th century, control systems started to serve the given calls automatically by relay technology, and later by electro-mechanical systems. In the 1970s-80 s, software-based control systems invaded elevator technology. Passenger service levels improved with the application of mathematical methods such as artificial intelligence. When the old relay boards of the skyscrapers in New York were modernized by software-based group controls, passenger waiting times dropped to less than half. In this millennium, the need to reduce elevator core space has further increased, since a significant number of buildings already exceed 300 m. The challenge in constructing tall buildings is that elevator groups can occupy the rentable area of a building. At the elevator planning stage, elevator core space can be decreased by zoning the building. The latest trends include systems with several elevator cars running in the same shaft. With modern control systems, passenger journey times can be decreased and handling capacity increased. This article deals with mathematical methods used in elevator dispatching problems. Building traffic simulation is utilized to search for an elevator arrangement that saves the most space in an example building. The design criteria of the ISO 8100–32 standard are used in selecting the elevator arrangements. - Explicit method to predict annual elevator energy consumption in recurring passenger traffic conditions
A1 Alkuperäisartikkeli tieteellisessä aikakauslehdessä(2016-12-01) Tukia, Toni; Uimonen, Semen; Siikonen, Marja Liisa; Hakala, Harri; Donghi, Claudio; Lehtonen, MattiThis paper proposes a method for simple projecting of annual elevator electricity consumption based on short-term energy measurements and identifies challenges in the determination of actual energy consumption based on kWh meter readings. The study also analyzes the impact of the employed elevator technology, building type, and seasonal variations in elevator usage on the calculation of the annual consumption. Thus, the method can be adopted in different regions with varying elevator usage. The approach employs elevator specific daily energy consumptions measured on the prevailing day types. The reliability of the proposed approach was analyzed and the performance compared to actual measured annual consumption and estimates provided by commonly adopted energy efficiency classification schemes, VDI 4707-1:2009 and ISO 25745-2:2015. The results of the monitored office elevator indicated that the proposed method performs generally better than the competing approaches. - High-resolution modeling of elevator power consumption
A1 Alkuperäisartikkeli tieteellisessä aikakauslehdessä(2018-07-01) Tukia, Toni; Uimonen, Semen; Siikonen, Marja Liisa; Donghi, Claudio; Lehtonen, MattiThis paper proposes a framework for modeling the instantaneous power consumption of individual elevators and elevator groups based on passenger traffic. Though elevators have a key role in the modern urban society, they have remained as rather neglected appliances in the energy efficiency research. To accelerate the energy efficiency studies of elevators, this paper has two major contributions. First, we propose means to model the instantaneous power consumption of individual elevators and elevator groups and analyze the reliability of these means versus the complexity of the modeling. Second, we present an elevator group control scheme to organize the elevator dispatching according to the simulated passenger traffic. When combined, these methods yield enhanced predictions about the energy and power consumption of elevators in a specific type of building with measured or simulated movement of occupants. - Modeling the aggregated power consumption of elevators – the New York city case study
A1 Alkuperäisartikkeli tieteellisessä aikakauslehdessä(2019-10-01) Tukia, Toni; Uimonen, Semen; Siikonen, Marja Liisa; Donghi, Claudio; Lehtonen, MattiThis paper proposes a bottom-up framework for modeling the aggregated power consumption of a fleet of elevators. The paper has two aims: enhancing the research related to the power efficiency of elevators and providing modeling methods and analytical concepts for load modeling of elevators from the perspective of power systems and urban energy systems. As a case study, the paper simulates the total aggregated power consumption profile of elevators in New York City during a weekday and weekend day. Furthermore, the paper provides methods for expanding the analysis to other regions and cities which lack detailed background data of elevator installations. The results imply that elevators consume more than 1% of the annual electrical energy in the city, while the hourly ratio has more variation, typically between 0.5% and 3% of the total power demand. Additionally, the quantity of elevators required to be modeled or measured from a random set to attain credible predictions of the total aggregated power consumption of the elevator population depends on the applied time resolution. - Potential of aggregated escalator loads in demand response
A1 Alkuperäisartikkeli tieteellisessä aikakauslehdessä(2019-10-01) Uimonen, Semen; Tukia, Toni; Siikonen, Marja Liisa; Lehtonen, MattiThis article uses modeling to demonstrate the potential of utilizing aggregated electrical load of escalators in demand response events and, in particular, for frequency containment reserve markets (FCR). In the paper, we model 3000 commercial and transportation escalators, creating five scenarios, where the ratio of intermittent-operating escalators varies from 0% to 100% at intervals of 25%. The model employs partial speed reduction during an hour as the main method for curtailment of power consumption. The power profiles of the aggregated escalator load are calculated for each hour in each scenario for two methods of power curtailment. In the first method, the speed change happens only when there is no passengers on the escalator to accommodate the safety measures. The second method applies the speed change within one second from the time of initiation, regardless of passengers presence on the escalator. The results clearly indicate that escalators have potential to participate in frequency containment DR events either as a stand-alone aggregated load or as a part of a more complex solution with other technologies. With 3000 escalator units and the ratio of intermittent-operating escalators above 25%, there is potential for curtailing from 0.5 to 3 MW of power consumption and the possibility to participate in FCR-N and -D markets. - Predicting the annual escalator energy consumption based on short-term measurements
A1 Alkuperäisartikkeli tieteellisessä aikakauslehdessä(2017-09-01) Uimonen, Semen; Tukia, Toni; Siikonen, Marja Liisa; Lehtonen, MattiThis article presents a novel approach for the annual energy consumption estimation in escalator technology. The method is based on short-term energy measurements of several day types within a week. It suits best for appliances where the passenger flow is weekly recurring. This article explores the implication of the method with seasonal changes, as well as stresses the impact of various day types and holidays on annual energy consumption estimation. The performance of the proposed method was compared with the existing approaches of energy consumption estimation in the standard ISO 25745-3 and annual energy measurement results. The approach is favorable among other existing approaches because it does not require additional passenger measurements, while providing more accurate results.