Browsing by Author "Roine, Timo"
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Item Abnormal wiring of the structural connectome in adults with ADHD(MIT Press, 2023) Tolonen, Tuija; Roine, Timo; Alho, Kimmo; Leppämäki, Sami; Tani, Pekka; Koski, Anniina; Laine, Matti; Salmi, Juha; Department of Neuroscience and Biomedical Engineering; University of Helsinki; Terveystalo Healthcare; Helsinki University Central Hospital; Åbo Akademi UniversityCurrent knowledge of white matter changes in large-scale brain networks in adult attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is scarce. We collected diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging data in 40 adults with ADHD and 36 neurotypical controls and used constrained spherical deconvolution–based tractography to reconstruct whole-brain structural connectivity networks. We used network-based statistic (NBS) and graph theoretical analysis to investigate differences in these networks between the ADHD and control groups, as well as associations between structural connectivity and ADHD symptoms assessed with the Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale or performance in the Conners Continuous Performance Test 2 (CPT-2). NBS revealed decreased connectivity in the ADHD group compared to the neurotypical controls in widespread unilateral networks, which included subcortical and corticocortical structures and encompassed dorsal and ventral attention networks and visual and somatomotor systems. Furthermore, hypoconnectivity in a predominantly left-frontal network was associated with higher amount of commission errors in CPT-2. Graph theoretical analysis did not reveal topological differences between the groups or associations between topological properties and ADHD symptoms or task performance. Our results suggest that abnormal structural wiring of the brain in adult ADHD is manifested as widespread intrahemispheric hypoconnectivity in networks previously associated with ADHD in functional neuroimaging studies.Item Alterations in Microstructure and Local Fiber Orientation of White Matter Are Associated with Outcome after Mild Traumatic Brain Injury(Mary Ann Liebert Inc., 2020-12-15) Mohammadian, Mehrbod; Roine, Timo; Hirvonen, Jussi; Kurki, Timo; Posti, Jussi P.; Katila, Ari J.; Takala, Riikka S. K.; Tallus, Jussi; Maanpää, Henna-Riikka; Frantzen, Janek; Hutchinson, Peter J.; Newcombe, Virginia F.; Menon, David K.; Tenovuo, Olli; Department of Neuroscience and Biomedical EngineeringMild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) can have long-lasting consequences. We investigated white matter (WM) alterations at 6-12 months following mTBI using diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) and assessed if the alterations associate with outcome. Eighty-five patients with mTBI underwent diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) on average 8 months post-injury and patients' outcome was assessed at the time of imaging using the Glasgow Outcome Scale-Extended (GOS-E). Additionally, 30 age-matched patients with extracranial orthopedic injuries were used as control subjects. Voxel-wise analysis of the data was performed using a tract-based spatial statistics (TBSS) approach and differences in microstructural metrics between groups were investigated. Further, the susceptibility of the abnormalities to specific fiber orientations was investigated by analyzing the first eigenvector of the diffusion tensor in the voxels with significant differences. We found significantly lower fractional anisotropy (FA) and highermean diffusivity (MD) and radial diffusivity (RD) in patients with mTBI compared with control subjects, whereas no significant differences were observed in axial diffusivity (AD) between the groups. The differences were present bilaterally in several WM regions and correlated with outcome. Moreover, multiple clusters were found in the principal fiber orientations of the significant voxels in anisotropy, and similar orientation patterns were found for the diffusivity metrics. These directional clusters correlated with patients' functional outcome. Our study showed that mTBI is associated with WM changes at the chronic stage and these alterations occur in several WM regions. In addition, several significant clusters of WM alterations in specific fiber orientations were found and these clusters were associated with outcome.Item A comparison of diffusion tensor imaging tractography and constrained spherical deconvolution with automatic segmentation in traumatic brain injury(Elsevier BV, 2023-01) Tallus, Jussi; Mohammadian, Mehrbod; Kurki, Timo; Roine, Timo; Posti, Jussi; Tenovuo, Olli; Department of Neuroscience and Biomedical Engineering; University of TurkuDetection of microstructural white matter injury in traumatic brain injury (TBI) requires specialised imaging methods, of which diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) has been extensively studied. Newer fibre alignment estimation methods, such as constrained spherical deconvolution (CSD), are better than DTI in resolving crossing fibres that are ubiquitous in the brain and may improve the ability to detect microstructural injuries. Furthermore, automatic tract segmentation has the potential to improve tractography reliability and accelerate workflow compared to the manual segmentation commonly used. In this study, we compared the results of deterministic DTI based tractography and manual tract segmentation with CSD based probabilistic tractography and automatic tract segmentation using TractSeg. 37 participants with a history of TBI (with Glasgow Coma Scale 13-15) and persistent symptoms, and 41 healthy controls underwent deterministic DTI-based tractography with manual tract segmentation and probabilistic CSD-based tractography with TractSeg automatic segmentation.Fractional anisotropy (FA) and mean diffusivity of corpus callosum and three bilateral association tracts were measured. FA and MD values derived from both tractography methods were generally moderately to strongly correlated. CSD with TractSeg differentiated the groups based on FA, while DTI did not. CSD and TractSeg-based tractography may be more sensitive in detecting microstructural changes associated with TBI than deterministic DTI tractography. Additionally, CSD with TractSeg was found to be applicable at lower b-value and number of diffusion-encoding gradients data than previously reported.Item Detecting Corticospinal Tract Impairment in Tumor Patients With Fiber Density and Tensor-Based Metrics(Frontiers Research Foundation, 2021-01-27) Fekonja, Lucius S.; Wang, Ziqian; Aydogan, Dogu B.; Roine, Timo; Engelhardt, Melina; Dreyer, Felix R.; Vajkoczy, Peter; Picht, Thomas; Department of Neuroscience and Biomedical Engineering; Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin; Humboldt-Universität zu BerlinTumors infiltrating the motor system lead to significant disability, often caused by corticospinal tract injury. The delineation of the healthy-pathological white matter (WM) interface area, for which diffusion magnetic resonance imaging (dMRI) has shown promising potential, may improve treatment outcome. However, up to 90% of white matter (WM) voxels include multiple fiber populations, which cannot be correctly described with traditional metrics such as fractional anisotropy (FA) or apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC). Here, we used a novel fixel-based along-tract analysis consisting of constrained spherical deconvolution (CSD)-based probabilistic tractography and fixel-based apparent fiber density (FD), capable of identifying fiber orientation specific microstructural metrics. We addressed this novel methodology’s capability to detect corticospinal tract impairment. We measured and compared tractogram-related FD and traditional microstructural metrics bihemispherically in 65 patients with WHO grade III and IV gliomas infiltrating the motor system. The cortical tractogram seeds were based on motor maps derived by transcranial magnetic stimulation. We extracted 100 equally distributed cross-sections along each streamline of corticospinal tract (CST) for along-tract statistical analysis. Cross-sections were then analyzed to detect differences between healthy and pathological hemispheres. All metrics showed significant differences between healthy and pathologic hemispheres over the entire tract and between peritumoral segments. Peritumoral values were lower for FA and FD, but higher for ADC within the entire cohort. FD was more specific to tumor-induced changes in CST than ADC or FA, whereas ADC and FA showed higher sensitivity. The bihemispheric along-tract analysis provides an approach to detect subject-specific structural changes in healthy and pathological WM. In the current clinical dataset, the more complex FD metrics did not outperform FA and ADC in terms of describing corticospinal tract impairment.Item Detection of Aspartylglucosaminuria Patients from Magnetic Resonance Images by a Machine-Learning-Based Approach(MDPI AG, 2022-11) Ruohola, Arttu; Salli, Eero; Roine, Timo; Tokola, Anna; Laine, Minna; Tikkanen, Ritva; Savolainen, Sauli; Autti, Taina; University of Helsinki; Department of Neuroscience and Biomedical Engineering; Justus Liebig University GiessenMagnetic resonance (MR) imaging data can be used to develop computer-assisted diagnostic tools for neurodegenerative diseases such as aspartylglucosaminuria (AGU) and other lysosomal storage disorders. MR images contain features that are suitable for the classification and differentiation of affected individuals from healthy persons. Here, comparisons were made between MRI features extracted from different types of magnetic resonance images. Random forest classifiers were trained to classify AGU patients (n = 22) and healthy controls (n = 24) using volumetric features extracted from T1-weighted MR images, the zone variance of gray level size zone matrix (GLSZM) calculated from magnitude susceptibility-weighted MR images, and the caudate–thalamus intensity ratio computed from T2-weighted MR images. The leave-one-out cross-validation and area under the receiver operating characteristic curve were used to compare different models. The left–right-averaged, normalized volumes of the 25 nuclei of the thalamus and the zone variance of the thalamus demonstrated equal and excellent performance as classifier features for binary organization between AGU patients and healthy controls. Our findings show that texture-based features of susceptibility-weighted images and thalamic volumes can differentiate AGU patients from healthy controls with a very low error rate.Item Effect of xenon on brain injury, neurological outcome, and survival in patients after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage—study protocol for a randomized clinical trial(BioMed Central, 2023-12) Laaksonen, Mikael; Rinne, Jaakko; Rahi, Melissa; Posti, Jussi P.; Laitio, Ruut; Kivelev, Juri; Saarenpää, Ilkka; Laukka, Dan; Frösen, Juhana; Ronkainen, Antti; Bendel, Stepani; Långsjö, Jaakko; Ala-Peijari, Marika; Saunavaara, Jani; Parkkola, Riitta; Nyman, Mikko; Martikainen, Ilkka K.; Dickens, Alex M.; Rinne, Juha; Valtonen, Mika; Saari, Teijo I.; Koivisto, Timo; Bendel, Paula; Roine, Timo; Saraste, Antti; Vahlberg, Tero; Tanttari, Juha; Laitio, Timo; Department of Neuroscience and Biomedical Engineering; Turku University Hospital; Tampere University; University of Eastern Finland; University of Turku; Elomatic IndiaBackground: Aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH) is a neurological emergency, affecting a younger population than individuals experiencing an ischemic stroke; aSAH is associated with a high risk of mortality and permanent disability. The noble gas xenon has been shown to possess neuroprotective properties as demonstrated in numerous preclinical animal studies. In addition, a recent study demonstrated that xenon could attenuate a white matter injury after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Methods: The study is a prospective, multicenter phase II clinical drug trial. The study design is a single-blind, prospective superiority randomized two-armed parallel follow-up study. The primary objective of the study is to explore the potential neuroprotective effects of inhaled xenon, when administered within 6 h after the onset of symptoms of aSAH. The primary endpoint is the extent of the global white matter injury assessed with magnetic resonance diffusion tensor imaging of the brain. Discussion: Despite improvements in medical technology and advancements in medical science, aSAH mortality and disability rates have remained nearly unchanged for the past 10 years. Therefore, new neuroprotective strategies to attenuate the early and delayed brain injuries after aSAH are needed to reduce morbidity and mortality. Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT04696523. Registered on 6 January 2021. EudraCT, EudraCT Number: 2019-001542-17. Registered on 8 July 2020.Item Individualized treatment of motor stroke : a perspective on open-loop, closed-loop and adaptive closed-loop brain state-dependent TMS(Elsevier Ireland Ltd, 2023-10-26) Rösch, Johanna; Vetter, David Emanuel; Baldassarre, Antonello; Souza, Victor; Lioumis, Pantelis; Roine, Timo; Jooß, Andreas; Baur, David; Kozak, Gabor; Jovellar, D. Blair; Vaalto, Selja; Romani, Gian Luca; Ilmoniemi, Risto; Ziemann, Ulf; Department of Neuroscience and Biomedical Engineering; University of Tuebingen; University of Tübingen; Gabriele d'Annunzio University; University of Chieti-PescaraItem Laser triangulation based froth level measurement in improving image analysis of flotation process(2009) Roine, Timo; Kaartinen, Jani; Elektroniikan, tietoliikenteen ja automaation tiedekunta; Teknillinen korkeakoulu; Helsinki University of Technology; Koivo, HeikkiItem Machine learning-based prediction of motor status in glioma patients using diffusion MRI metrics along the corticospinal tract(Oxford University Press, 2022-05-02) Shams, Boshra; Wang, Ziqian; Roine, Timo; Aydogan, Dogu Baran; Vajkoczy, Peter; Lippert, Christoph; Picht, Thomas; Fekonja, Lucius S.; Department of Neuroscience and Biomedical Engineering; Humboldt University of Berlin; Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin; Icahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiShams et al. report that glioma patients' motor status is predicted accurately by diffusion MRI metrics along the corticospinal tract based on support vector machine method, reaching an overall accuracy of 77%. They show that these metrics are more effective than demographic and clinical variables. Along tract statistics enables white matter characterization using various diffusion MRI metrics. These diffusion models reveal detailed insights into white matter microstructural changes with development, pathology and function. Here, we aim at assessing the clinical utility of diffusion MRI metrics along the corticospinal tract, investigating whether motor glioma patients can be classified with respect to their motor status. We retrospectively included 116 brain tumour patients suffering from either left or right supratentorial, unilateral World Health Organization Grades II, III and IV gliomas with a mean age of 53.51 +/- 16.32 years. Around 37% of patients presented with preoperative motor function deficits according to the Medical Research Council scale. At group level comparison, the highest non-overlapping diffusion MRI differences were detected in the superior portion of the tracts' profiles. Fractional anisotropy and fibre density decrease, apparent diffusion coefficient axial diffusivity and radial diffusivity increase. To predict motor deficits, we developed a method based on a support vector machine using histogram-based features of diffusion MRI tract profiles (e.g. mean, standard deviation, kurtosis and skewness), following a recursive feature elimination method. Our model achieved high performance (74% sensitivity, 75% specificity, 74% overall accuracy and 77% area under the curve). We found that apparent diffusion coefficient, fractional anisotropy and radial diffusivity contributed more than other features to the model. Incorporating the patient demographics and clinical features such as age, tumour World Health Organization grade, tumour location, gender and resting motor threshold did not affect the model's performance, revealing that these features were not as effective as microstructural measures. These results shed light on the potential patterns of tumour-related microstructural white matter changes in the prediction of functional deficits.Item Material Coarsening Strategy for Structured Meshless Multigrid Method for Dosimetry in Anisotropic Human Body Models(IEEE, 2023-12-01) Kataja, Juhani; Nissi, Janita; Roine, Timo; Laakso, Ilkka; Electromagnetics in Health Technology; Department of Electrical Engineering and Automation; Department of Neuroscience and Biomedical EngineeringIn this article, a novel multigrid-based method is developed for modeling of electric fields and currents in electrically anisotropic and heterogeneous media. The method is useful for numerical assessment of human exposure to low-frequency electromagnetic fields, which has been typically performed using isotropic models of the human body. The method is matrix-free and based on structured voxelized grids. Numerical tests indicate that the method has all typical benefits of multigrid methods, i.e., convergence in a constant number of iterations and linear complexity in terms of the number of degrees of freedom. The developed method is applied to the dosimetry of the induced electric field in ten anatomically realistic models of the human head exposed to uniform 50-Hz magnetic fields. The models are constructed from magnetic resonance images and account for the electrical anisotropy of the brain tissues via diffusion weighted images. The dosimetry modeling shows that the tissue anisotropy leads to a small but significant increase (14% on average) of the 99th percentile induced electric field strength in the white matter of the brain. However, isotropic models can still provide sufficient accuracy for dosimetry if this slight underestimation of the 99th percentile electric field strength is accounted for.Item Network analysis shows decreased ipsilesional structural connectivity in glioma patients(Nature Publishing Group, 2022-12) Fekonja, Lucius S.; Wang, Ziqian; Cacciola, Alberto; Roine, Timo; Aydogan, D. Baran; Mewes, Darius; Vellmer, Sebastian; Vajkoczy, Peter; Picht, Thomas; Department of Neuroscience and Biomedical Engineering; Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin; University of MessinaGliomas that infiltrate networks and systems, such as the motor system, often lead to substantial functional impairment in multiple systems. Network-based statistics (NBS) allow to assess local network differences and graph theoretical analyses enable investigation of global and local network properties. Here, we used network measures to characterize glioma-related decreases in structural connectivity by comparing the ipsi- with the contralesional hemispheres of patients and correlated findings with neurological assessment. We found that lesion location resulted in differential impairment of both short and long connectivity patterns. Network analysis showed reduced global and local efficiency in the ipsilesional hemisphere compared to the contralesional hemispheric networks, which reflect the impairment of information transfer across different regions of a network.Item Plasma neurofilament light admission levels and development of axonal pathology in mild traumatic brain injury(BioMed Central, 2023-08-15) Hossain, Iftakher; Mohammadian, Mehrbod; Maanpää, Henna Riikka; Takala, Riikka S.K.; Tenovuo, Olli; van Gils, Mark; Hutchinson, Peter; Menon, David K.; Newcombe, Virginia F.; Tallus, Jussi; Hirvonen, Jussi; Roine, Timo; Kurki, Timo; Blennow, Kaj; Zetterberg, Henrik; Posti, Jussi P.; Department of Neuroscience and Biomedical Engineering; Turku University Hospital; University of Turku; Tampere University; University of Cambridge; University of GothenburgBACKGROUND: It is known that blood levels of neurofilament light (NF-L) and diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (DW-MRI) are both associated with outcome of patients with mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI). Here, we sought to examine the association between admission levels of plasma NF-L and white matter (WM) integrity in post-acute stage DW-MRI in patients with mTBI. METHODS: Ninety-three patients with mTBI (GCS ≥ 13), blood sample for NF-L within 24 h of admission, and DW-MRI ≥ 90 days post-injury (median = 229) were included. Mean fractional anisotropy (FA), mean diffusivity (MD), axial diffusivity (AD), and radial diffusivity (RD) were calculated from the skeletonized WM tracts of the whole brain. Outcome was assessed using the Extended Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOSE) at the time of imaging. Patients were divided into CT-positive and -negative, and complete (GOSE = 8) and incomplete recovery (GOSE < 8) groups. RESULTS: The levels of NF-L and FA correlated negatively in the whole cohort (p = 0.002), in CT-positive patients (p = 0.016), and in those with incomplete recovery (p = 0.005). The same groups showed a positive correlation with mean MD, AD, and RD (p < 0.001-p = 0.011). In CT-negative patients or in patients with full recovery, significant correlations were not found. CONCLUSION: In patients with mTBI, the significant correlation between NF-L levels at admission and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) measurements of diffuse axonal injury (DAI) over more than 3 months suggests that the early levels of plasma NF-L may associate with the presence of DAI at a later phase of TBI.Item Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation in Detecting Convergence Areas of the Brain(2021-12-17) Ilvonen, Roosa; Roine, Timo; Perustieteiden korkeakoulu; Hakula, HarriItem Structural Brain Connectivity Correlates with Outcome in Mild Traumatic Brain Injury(Mary Ann Liebert Inc., 2022-03) Roine, Timo; Mohammadian, Mehrbod; Hirvonen, Jussi; Kurki, Timo; Posti, Jussi P.; Takala, Riikka S.K.; Newcombe, Virginia F.; Tallus, Jussi; Katila, Ari J.; Maanpää, Henna-Riikka; Frantzen, Janek; Menon, David; Tenovuo, Olli; Department of Neuroscience and Biomedical EngineeringWe investigated the topology of structural brain connectivity networks and its association with outcome after mild traumatic brain injury, a major cause of permanent disability. Eighty-five patients with mild traumatic brain injury underwent magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) twice, about three weeks and eight months after injury, and 30 age-matched orthopedic trauma control subjects were scanned. Outcome was assessed with Extended Glasgow Outcome Scale on average eight months after injury. We performed constrained spherical deconvolution-based probabilistic streamlines tractography on diffusion MRI data and parcellated cortical and subcortical gray matter into 84 regions based on T1-weighted data to reconstruct structural brain connectivity networks weighted by the number of streamlines. Graph theoretical methods were employed to measure network properties in both patients and controls, and correlations between these properties and outcome were calculated. We found no global differences in the network properties between patients with mild traumatic brain injury and orthopedic control subjects at either stage. We found significantly increased betweenness centrality of the right pars opercularis in the chronic stage compared with control subjects, however. Further, both global and local network properties correlated significantly with outcome. Higher normalized global efficiency, degree, and strength as well as lower small-worldness were associated with better outcome. Correlations between the outcome and the local network properties were the most prominent in the left putamen and the left postcentral gyrus. Our results indicate that both global and local network properties provide valuable information about the outcome already in the acute/subacute stage and, therefore, are promising biomarkers for prognostic purposes in mild traumatic brain injury.Item Topological alterations of the structural brain connectivity network in children with juvenile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis(American Society of Neuroradiology, 2019) Roine, Timo; Roine, Ulrika; Tokola, Anna; Balk, Marja; Mannerkoski, Minna; Åberg, Laura E.; Tuula, Lönnqvist; Autti, Taina; Department of Neuroscience and Biomedical Engineering; HUS Medical Imaging Center; Helsinki University Central Hospital; University of HelsinkiBackground and Purpose: We used diffusion MRI to investigate the structural brain connectivity networks in juvenile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis, a neurodegenerative lysosomal storage disease of the childhood. Although changes in conventional MRI are typically not visually apparent under the age of ten, we previously found significant microstructural abnormalities by using diffusion MRI. Therefore, we hypothesized that the structural connectivity networks would also be affected in the disease. Materials and Methods: We acquired diffusion MRI data from 14 children with juvenile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis (mean age 9.6±3.4 years; 10 boys) and 14 control subjects (mean age 11.2±2.3 years; 7 boys). A follow-up MRI was performed for 12 of the patients (mean age 11.4±3.2, 8 boys). We used graph theoretical analysis to investigate the global and local properties of the structural brain connectivity networks reconstructed with constrained spherical deconvolution based whole-brain probabilistic tractography. Results: We found significantly increased characteristic path length (P=0.003) and decreased degree (P=0.003) suggesting decreased network integration and centrality in children with juvenile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis. The findings were similar for the follow-up MRI, and there were no significant differences between the two acquisitions of the patients. In addition, we found that the disease severity correlated negatively (P<0.05/7) with integration, segregation, centrality, and small-worldness of the networks. Moreover, we found significantly (P<0.05/164) decreased local efficiency in the left supramarginal gyrus and temporal plane and decreased strength in the right lingual gyrus. Conclusion: We found significant global and local network alterations in juvenile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis correlating with the disease severity, and in areas related to the symptomatology.Item Topological Structural Brain Connectivity Alterations in Aspartylglucosaminuria: A Case-Control Study(American Society of Neuroradiology, 2023-01) Roine, Ulrika; Tokola, A.M.; Autti, Taina; Roine, Timo; University of Helsinki; Department of Neuroscience and Biomedical EngineeringBACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: We investigated global and local properties of the structural brain connectivity networks in aspartylglucosaminuria, an autosomal recessive and progressive neurodegenerative lysosomal storage disease. Brain connectivity in aspartylglucosaminuria has not been investigated before, but previous structural MR imaging studies have shown brain atrophy, delayed myelination, and decreased thalamic and increased periventricular WM T2 signal intensity. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We acquired diffusion MR imaging and T1-weighted data from 12 patients with aspartylglucosaminuria (mean age, 23 [SD, 8] years; 5 men), and 30 healthy controls (mean age, 25 [SD, 10] years; 13 men). We performed whole-brain constrained spherical deconvolution tractography, which enables the reconstruction of neural tracts through regions with complex fiber configurations, and used graph-theoretical analysis to investigate the structural brain connectivity networks. RESULTS: The integration of the networks was decreased, as demonstrated by a decreased normalized global efficiency and an increased normalized characteristic path length. In addition, the average strength of the networks was decreased. In the local analyses, we found decreased strength in 11 nodes, including, for example, the right thalamus, right putamen, and, bilaterally, several occipital and temporal regions. CONCLUSIONS: We found global and local structural connectivity alterations in aspartylglucosaminuria. Biomarkers related to the treatment efficacy are needed, and brain network properties may provide the means for long term follow-up.Item Transkraniaalisten magneettistimulaatiolaitteiden toiminta ja soveltaminen plastisiteetin indusoimisessa(2019-12-01) Kauppila, Pekko; Roine, Timo; Insinööritieteiden korkeakoulu; Mikkola, TommiItem Using Brain Connectivity Modelling to Target TMS(2023-11-29) Huhtinen, Apila; Roine, Timo; Sähkötekniikan korkeakoulu; Turunen, Markus
