Browsing by Author "Lindholm, Joakim"

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Cost saving and CO2 emission reduction potential in German district heating network with demand response and peak power limiting
(2020-10-19) Lindholm, Joakim
Insinööritieteiden korkeakoulu | Master's thesis
Demand response and peak power limiting within buildings and district heating networks assist in stabilization of the heat production and energy consumption profile. At the same time, the peak power is reduced and therefore CO2 emission reductions are achieved, when the demand for costly peak power plants like heat-only boilers and gas turbines are less needed. Hence, the energy supplier benefits financially and with decreased CO2 emissions, and the building owner gains economic advantages. From both players perspective the benefits furthermore correlate to environmental improvements. The main objective of this study is to apply and examine the effect of centralized demand response and peak power limiting within three building types in a district heating network, both from building owner and energy supplier point of view. The three building types consist of an apartment building, a cultural center, and an office building. The case study buildings are located in Germany, in the district heating network of Wilhelmsburg. These model buildings are simulated with IDA Indoor Climate and Energy simulation software, utilizing actual dynamic district heating price signal and local weather data. The rule-based demand response control algorithm and peak power limiting settings are implemented in the simulation software. The results concerning the energy supplier are interpreted in terms of total district heat produced, production price, and CO2 emissions. From the buildings point of view, the results consist of peak power demand, energy consumption, and costs. Additionally, the cost saving potentials when implementing peak power limiting are analyzed, while maintaining acceptable indoor thermal comfort. This study demonstrates that implementing peak power limiting, in addition to demand response, in buildings is greatly beneficial from a building owners’ perspective. While maintaining acceptable indoor thermal comfort, the average yearly cost saving potential for the three building types is 9.8 %. The office building has the greatest relative annual saving potential of 12.2 %, and the cultural center and apartment building have saving potentials of 8.8 % and 8.5 %, respectively. Applying demand response is also of great interest for the energy supplier. Results of the three production combination scenarios implies that the annual total heat produced for the network reduce by an average of 3.8 %, the total production price increases by an average of 10.3 %, and CO2 emissions decrease with an average of 15.9 %.
Cost savings and CO2 emissions reduction potential in the German district heating system with demand response
(2022-01-25) Ju, Yuchen; Lindholm, Joakim; Verbeck, Moritz; Jokisalo, Juha; Kosonen, Risto; Janßen, Philipp; Li, Yantong; Schäfers, Hans; Nord, Natasa
A1 Alkuperäisartikkeli tieteellisessä aikakauslehdessä
Demand response (DR) has been an effective technique to maximize the proportion of renewable energies integrated into energy supply systems. This article investigated the benefits of DR on three building types (apartment building, office building and cultural center) and analyzed DR impacts on operation, production costs and CO2 emissions of three district heating (DH) production scenarios. The results indicate that the application of DR cuts 2.8%-4.9% off heating costs for building owners based on different energy production scenarios and building types. From the perspective of DH producers, the large-scale application of DR reduces the total DH demand by 3.6% to 3.9%. It results in higher financial benefits, less CO2 emissions and optimization of energy production in all the analyzed scenarios. The maximum total energy generation cost-saving rate is 12.6%, and the CO2 emissions reduce at most 32.3% because of a more renewable production mix. Moreover, DR control increases the full load operation hours of the heat pump, leading to higher efficiency, and decreases the operation hours of the boilers, leading to less pollution. It indicates that the application of DR effectively decreases fossil fuel usage and improves the energy efficiency of DH systems.
Demand response in the German district heating system
(2023) Ju, Yuchen; Lindholm, Joakim; Verbeck, Moritz; Jokisalo, Juha; Kosonen, Risto; Janßenc, Philipp; Li, Yantong; Schäfers, Hans; Nord, Natasa
A4 Artikkeli konferenssijulkaisussa
The renewable energy share in energy supply systems is increasing for carbon neutrality. The realization of carbon neutrality can be supported by demand response (DR) strategies. This paper analyzed the DR control benefits of a German district heating (DH) system. For the first step, in German conditions, three building types were simulated by IDA-ICE software with and without a rule-based DR control. Secondly, a community was established based on the heat demand of the simulated buildings. This paper selected two different production scenarios. One scenario consisted by a biofuel CHP and gas boilers and the other one included a heat pump, an electric heater, and a solar thermal storage. After that, the production of the two scenarios with and without DR was optimized by the HGSO tool and it calculated the total production costs and CO2 emissions. It indicates that building owners and DH producers all earn benefits from the application of demand response. The maximum heating cost saving by DR is 4.9% for building owners. In the optimized two production scenarios, DH producers gain higher financial benefits and there are less CO2 emissions. The maximum total generation cost and CO2 emission savings are 12.6% and 8.6%, respectively.
Energy, cost and emission saving potential of demand response and peak power limiting in the German district heating system
(2023) Suhonen, Janne; Lindholm, Joakim; Verbeck, Moritz; Ju, Yuchen; Jokisalo, Juha; Kosonen, Risto; Janßen, Philipp; Schäfers, Hans
A1 Alkuperäisartikkeli tieteellisessä aikakauslehdessä
The demand response and peak power limiting could potentially reduce the peak power and energy demand. This study examines the effect of rule-based demand response and peak power limiting on the peak power and energy demand of heating. Study was conducted as a co-simulation where buildings and district heating production were simulated separately but both inclusively. Results indicate that demand response provides 2.8–4.7% energy saving and 2.3–3.4% total district heating cost saving potential. Moreover, according to the simulations, demand response provides 32% emission reduction in district heating production in contrast to the reference case. Peak power limiting provides significant reduction in the peak power and district heating base cost. However, its ability to provide additional reduction in the energy demand and emissions is confined compared to the demand response due to the effective time of the limit. Chosen acceptable temperature range can be maintained decently.
Simulation of demand response on buildings and district heating production
(2022-12-01) Ju, Yuchen; Lindholm, Joakim; Verbeck, Moritz; Jokisalo, Juha; Kosonen, Risto; Janßenc, Philipp; Li, Yantong; Schäfers, Hans; Nord, Natasa
A4 Artikkeli konferenssijulkaisussa
Demand response (DR) has effectively maximized renewable energies integrated into energy supply systems. This paper investigated DR benefits on three building types and the district heating (DH) production of a community consisted by these buildings in German conditions. Firstly, the buildings and the DH production were simulated without DR by tools IDA-ICE and HGSO, separately. Secondly, the three buildings were simulated by a rule-based DR control. After that, the tool HGSO calculated the total production costs and CO2 emissions based on the power demand with DR. The results show 2.8%-4.8% heating cost savings by DR for different building types. For DH producers, DR application reduces the total DH demand and CO2 emissions by 3.8% and 32.3 %, respectively.