Browsing by Author "Kokkonen, Tuulia"
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Insinööritieteiden korkeakoulu | Bachelor's thesis(2018-04-22) Kokkonen, Tuulia - District heating in energy sector decarbonization - case Espoo
Sähkötekniikan korkeakoulu | Master's thesis(2020-10-19) Kokkonen, TuuliaIn Finland, heating and electricity sectors produce ca. 50% of CO2 emissions, district heating being the source of 10% in 2019. There are ambitious emission reduction targets in the EU and in Finland - in Marin’s government program carbon neutrality is aimed by 2035. The optimal solutions to achieve these goals must be assessed. This research contributes to finding these solutions by examining the emission reduction potential of district heating in the energy sector perspective. A development trend towards electrified heating systems is noticed, also in the private sector, which challenges the district heat operators to motivate their position in the heating market. A simultaneous increase in wind power capacity in the Nordics causes challenging changes in the power system. In this study, the role of district heating in the energy sector decarbonization is determined. The modelling is executed as an hourly heat production cost optimization problem for year 2030. Three scenarios are compared, which point out the differences between private electric heating, district heating with both bio and gas combustion and heat pumps, and district heating with high electric heat production rate including heat pumps and waste heat sources. The district heat scenarios of Espoo are kept as realistic as possible, basing on the existing assets and thus providing a true case example of DH development. The results show that CO2 emissions of district heat production can be cut by 60-74% in Finland in the mid-term future. This requires rather deep electrification of heat production via heat pumps and results in a considerable increase in electricity demand. The increase is the most severe in private heating solution, especially during peak hours, due to the lack of load shifting possibilities with e.g. heat storages. This may lead to increased stress in the power grids e.g. challenges in power adequacy. The marginal costs of heat production are the cheapest for the most electrified district heating scenario. District heating with power-to-heat solutions supports the increase in wind power capacity in the power system by balancing the demand in peak hours, even when heat production is purely cost optimized. Comparing to the private heating solution, a more realistic and optimal change to a low emission system can be achieved via district heating, also mitigating the challenges of future power system.