Browsing by Author "Kesari, Kavindra Kumar"
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Item Alginate-Chitosan Biodegradable and Biocompatible Based Hydrogel for Breast Cancer Immunotherapy and Diagnosis : A Comprehensive Review(American Chemical Society, 2024-06-17) Patra, Pratikshya; Upadhyay, Tarun Kumar; Alshammari, Nawaf; Saeed, Mohd; Kesari, Kavindra Kumar; Department of Applied Physics; Parul University; University of HailBreast cancer is the most common type of cancer and the second leading cause of cancer-related mortality in females. There are many side effects due to chemotherapy and traditional surgery, like fatigue, loss of appetite, skin irritation, and drug resistance to cancer cells. Immunotherapy has become a hopeful approach toward cancer treatment, generating long-lasting immune responses in malignant tumor patients. Recently, hydrogel has received more attention toward cancer therapy due to its specific characteristics, such as decreased toxicity, fewer side effects, and better biocompatibility drug delivery to the particular tumor location. Researchers globally reported various investigations on hydrogel research for tumor diagnosis. The hydrogel-based multilayer platform with controlled nanostructure has received more attention for its antitumor effect. Chitosan and alginate play a leading role in the formation of the cross-link in a hydrogel. Also, they help in the stability of the hydrogel. This review discusses the properties, preparation, biocompatibility, and bioavailability of various research and clinical approaches of the multipolymer hydrogel made of alginate and chitosan for breast cancer treatment. With a focus on cases of breast cancer and the recovery rate, there is a need to find out the role of hydrogel in drug delivery for breast cancer treatment.Item Aluminum Oxide and Zinc Oxide Induced Nanotoxicity in Rat Brain, Heart, and Lung(ACAD SCIENCES CZECH REPUBLIC, INST PHYSIOLOGY, 2022-10) Yousef, Mokhtar Ibrahim; Roychoudhury, Shubhadeep; Jafaar, Karrar Sabah; Slama, Petr; Kesari, Kavindra Kumar; Kamel, Maher Abd El-Nabi; Alexandria University; Assam University; Mendel University in Brno; Department of Applied PhysicsNanomaterials or nanoparticles are commonly used in the cosmetics, medicine, and food industries. Many researchers studied the possible side effects of several nanoparticles including aluminum oxide (Al2O3-nps) and zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-nps). Although, there is limited information available on their direct or side effects, especially on the brain, heart, and lung functions. This study aimed to investigate the neurotoxicity, cardiotoxicity, and lung toxicity induced by Al2O3-nps and ZnO-nps or in combination via studying changes in gene expression, alteration in cytokine production, tumor suppressor protein p53, neurotransmitters, oxidative stress, and the histological and morphological changes. Obtained results showed that Al2O3-nps, ZnO-nps and their combination cause an increase in 8-hydroxy-2 acute accent -deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), cytokines, p53, oxidative stress, creatine kinase, norepinephrine, acetylcholine (ACh), and lipid profile. Moreover, significant changes in the gene expression of mitochondrial transcription factor-A (mtTFA) and peroxisome proliferator activator receptor-gamma-coactivator-1 alpha (PGC-1 alpha) were also noted. On the other hand, a significant decrease in the levels of antioxidant enzymes, total antioxidant capacity (TAC), reduced glutathione (GSH), paraoxonase 1 (PON1), neurotransmitters (dopamine - DA, and serotonin - SER), and the activity of acetylcholine esterase (AChE) in the brain, heart, and lung were found. Additionally, these results were confirmed by histological examinations. The present study revealed that the toxic effects were more when these nanoparticle doses are used in combination. Thus, Al2O3-nps and ZnO-nps may behave as neurotoxic, cardiotoxic, and lung toxic, especially upon exposure to rats in combination.Item Alzheimer's disease-like perturbations in HIV-mediated neuronal dysfunctions: Understanding mechanisms and developing therapeutic strategies: HIV and AD relationship(Royal Society Publishing, 2020-12-23) Jha, Niraj Kumar; Sharma, Ankur; Jha, Saurabh Kumar; Ojha, Shreesh; Chellappan, Dinesh Kumar; Gupta, Gaurav; Kesari, Kavindra Kumar; Bhardwaj, Shanu; Shukla, Shakti D.; Tambuwala, Murtaza M.; Ruokolainen, Janne; Dua, Kamal; Singh, Sandeep Kumar; Department of Applied Physics; Molecular Materials; Sharda University; United Arab Emirates University; International Medical University; Suresh Gyan Vihar University; CCS University; University of Newcastle; Ulster University; Indian Scientific Education and Technology FoundationExcessive exposure to toxic substances or chemicals in the environment and various pathogens, including viruses and bacteria, is associated with the onset of numerous brain abnormalities. Among them, pathogens, specifically viruses, elicit persistent inflammation that plays a major role in Alzheimer's disease (AD) as well as dementia. AD is the most common brain disorder that affects thought, speech, memory and ability to execute daily routines. It is also manifested by progressive synaptic impairment and neurodegeneration, which eventually leads to dementia following the accumulation of Aβ and hyperphosphorylated Tau. Numerous factors contribute to the pathogenesis of AD, including neuroinflammation associated with pathogens, and specifically viruses. The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is often linked with HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) following permeation through the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and induction of persistent neuroinflammation. Further, HIV infections also exhibited the ability to modulate numerous AD-associated factors such as BBB regulators, members of stress-related pathways as well as the amyloid and Tau pathways that lead to the formation of amyloid plaques or neurofibrillary tangles accumulation. Studies regarding the role of HIV in HAND and AD are still in infancy, and potential link or mechanism between both is not yet established. Thus, in the present article, we attempt to discuss various molecular mechanisms that contribute to the basic understanding of the role of HIV-associated neuroinflammation in AD and HAND. Further, using numerous growth factors and drugs, we also present possible therapeutic strategies to curb the neuroinflammatory changes and its associated sequels.Item Applications of lignin nanoparticles for cancer drug delivery: An update(ELSEVIER SCIENCE B.V., 2022-03-15) Garg, Jivesh; Nee Chiu, Mei; Krishnan, Saravanan; Kumar Tripathi, Lokesh; Pandit, Soumya; Farasati Far, Bahareh; Jha, Niraj Kumar; Kesari, Kavindra Kumar; Tripathi, Vikas; Pandey, Sadanand; Gupta, Piyush Kumar; Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems; Wood Chemistry; Panjab University; Creative Carbon Labs Pvt. Ltd.; Kumaun University India; Sharda University; Iran University of Science and Technology; Graphic Era (Deemed to Be University); Yeungnam UniversityCancer is one of the fast-growing diseases with an increasing trend in mortality rate worldwide. Among the treatment modalities, chemotherapy is regarded as an active therapeutic approach where anti-cancer drugs are used to kill cancer cells or arrest its growth. With the emergence of nanotechnology, nanomedicines are being developed to improve the overall pharmaceutical properties of anti-cancer drugs namely drug stability, solubility and bioavailability. Lignin-based nanomaterials are prepared from naturally available lignin polymers, a constituent of lignocellulosic biomass, showcases non-toxic behavior, biodegradable nature, and excellent absorption capacity and are well suited for biomedical applications. This review presents the recent advances on the emerging applications of lignin-based nanomaterials for cancer therapeutics. More importantly, the functional properties of lignin -nanoparticulate systems in cancer drug delivery was discussed.Item Biological databases and tools for neurological disorders(WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 2022-01-28) Usman, Muhammad Bello; Ojha, Shreesh; Jha, Saurabh Kumar; Chellappan, Dinesh Kumar; Gupta, Gaurav; Singh, Sachin Kumar; Dua, Kamal; Roychoudhury, Shubhadeep; Kumar, Neeraj; Khan, Firdos Alam; Dureja, Harish; Upadhye, Vijay; Zacconi, Flavia; Prasanna, Pragya; Kesari, Kavindra Kumar; Ashraf, Ghulam Md; Alexiou, Athanasios; Jha, Niraj Kumar; Department of Applied Physics; United Arab Emirates University; Sharda University; International Medical University; Suresh Gyan Vihar University; Lovely Professional University; University of Technology Sydney; Assam University; University of Delhi; Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University; Maharshi Dayanand University; Parul University; Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile; KK University; King Abdulaziz University; AFNP Med AustriaComputational approaches to study of neuronal impairment is rapidly evolving, as experiments and intuition alone do not explain the complexity of the brain system. An overwhelming increase in the amount of new data from both theory and computational modeling necessitate the development of databases and tools for analysis, visualization and interpretation of neuroscience data. To ensure the sustainability of this development, consistent update and training of young professionals is imperative. For this purpose, relevant articles, chapters, and modules are essential to keep abreast of developments. This review seeks to outline the biological databases and analytical tools along with their applications. It is envisaged that such knowledge could provide a ''training recipe'' for young scientists and a guide for professionals and researchers in neuroscience.Item Biological effects of vanillic acid, iso-vanillic acid, and orto-vanillic acid as environmental pollutants(Elsevier, 2024-06-01) Matejczyk, Marzena; Ofman, Piotr; Juszczuk-Kubiak, Edyta; Świsłocka, Renata; Shing, Wong Ling; Kesari, Kavindra Kumar; Prakash, Balu; Lewandowski, Włodzimierz; Department of Applied Physics; Białystok University of Technology; Professor Wacław Dąbrowski Institute of Agricultural and Food Biotechnology; INTI International University; Vels Institute of Science, Technology & Advanced StudiesVanillic acid (4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzoic acid) (VA) is a natural benzoic acid derivative commonly found in herbs, rice, maize, and some pizza and vegetables. However, due to the wide use of VA in various industrial sectors, its presence in the environment might harm living organisms. This study evaluated the toxicity of VA and its isomers, iso-VA and orto-VA. Firstly, the antimicrobial effect of VA and its isomers iso-VA and orto-VA (in doses of 1000; 100, 10, 1; 0.1; 0.01 mg/L) against Escherichia coli, Sarcina spp., Enterobacter homaechei, Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans were identified. The toxic effect and protein degradation potential of VA and its isomers were determined using E. coli grpE:luxCDABE and lac:luxCDABE biosensor strains. However, the genotoxicity and oxidative stress generation were assessed with the E. coli recA:luxCDABE biosensor and E. coli strain. The results showed that VA, iso-VA, and orto-VA exhibited antimicrobial activity against all tested bacterial strains. However, VA's antimicrobial effect differed from iso-VA and orto-VA. Similar toxic, genotoxic, and oxidative stress-inducing effects were observed for VA and its isomers. Each compound exhibited toxicity, cellular protein degradation, and genotoxic activity against E. coli grpE:luxCDABE, E. coli lac:luxCDABE, and E. coli recA:luxCDABE strains. Analysis of reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation within E. coli cells highlighted oxidative stress as a contributing factor to the toxicity and genotoxicity of VA and its isomers. While the findings suggest potential applications of VA compounds as food preservatives, their presence in the environment raises concerns regarding the risks posed to living organisms due to their toxic and genotoxic characteristics.Item Biometric Indices, Physio-Metabolic Responses and Carcass Quality in Rohu (Labeo rohita) during Feed Deprivation(MDPI AG, 2022-03-18) Yengkokpam, Sona; Sahu, Narottam Prasad; Pal, Asim Kumar; Debnath, Dipesh; Jain, Kamal Kant; Dalvi, Rishikesh Subhashrao; Slama, Petr; Kesari, Kavindra Kumar; Roychoudhury, Shubhadeep; Indian Council of Agricultural Research; Maharshi Dayanand College of Arts, Science and Commerce; Mendel University in Brno; Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems; Assam UniversityUnderstanding changes in biometric indices and metabolism in fish exposed to feed deprivation may be useful in aquaculture. The present study elucidates the effect of feed deprivation on physio-biochemical responses, such as changes in biometric indices, nutrient mobilization patterns, and enzyme activities in rohu (Labeo rohita). Experimental fish (av. wt. 3.41 ± 0.07 g) were deprived of feed and sampled at intervals of 0, 15, 30, 45, and 60 days to measure weight, length, body composition, and the activities of enzymes involved in digestion, metabolism, and antioxidation. A decrease in body weight, condition factor (CF), hepatosomatic index (HSI), and gastrosomatic index (GSI) was observed during the initial stage of feed deprivation (15 to 30 days) but remained unchanged thereafter. The total carbohydrate and lipid content also decreased rapidly up until 30 days, then stabilized. However, the reduction in tissue protein content (% wet weight) continued gradually with the duration of feed deprivation from 12.85 ± 0.36 at 0 days to 10.04 ± 0.67 at 15 days, 8.79 ± 0.59 at 30 days, 6.95 ± 0.69 at 45 days, and 6.16 ± 0.8 at 60 days, which was lower, compared to the other two body constituents. Amylase, protease. and lipase activities significantly reduced up until 30 days, but then stabilized. Although G6PDH enzyme activity decreased, gluconeogenic (LDH, AST, and ALT) and antioxidative (SOD and catalase) enzyme activities increased during initial feed deprivation (up to 30 days). A tissue-specific difference in amino acid metabolism with a major role of ALT in liver and AST in muscle was observed. This study revealed that rohu fingerlings adapted well to feed deprivation up until 30 days, beyond which there was an overall deterioration in the metabolic functions.Item Biopolymer-Capped Pyrazinamide-Loaded Colloidosomes : In Vitro Characterization and Bioavailability Studies(American Chemical Society, 2023-07-06) Singh, Avi; Das, Sabya Sachi; Ruokolainen, Janne; Kesari, Kavindra Kumar; Singh, Sandeep Kumar; Department of Applied Physics; Molecular Materials; Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra; DIT UniversityThis study aimed to prepare colloidosome particles loaded with pyrazinamide (PZA). These drug-loaded colloidosomes were prepared using an in situ gelation technique using a central composite design with a shell made of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) particles. Optimal amounts of 150 mg of CaCO3, sodium alginate (2%), and 400 mg of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxy valerate) (PHBV) concentration resulted in the maximum drug loading and efficient release profile. Field emission scanning electron microscopy results showed spherical porous particles with a good coating of the PHBV polymer. Additionally, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric and differential thermal analysis (TGA-DTA), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis showed good compatibility between the drug and excipients. The pharmacokinetic studies demonstrated that the drug-loaded colloidosomes resulted in 4.26 times higher plasma drug concentrations with Cmax values of 32.386 ± 2.744 mcg/mL (PZA solution) and 115.868 ± 53.581 mcg/mL (PZA-loaded colloidosomes) and AUC0-t values of 61.24 mcg-h/mL (PZA solution) and 260.9 mcg-h/mL (PZA-loaded colloidosomes), indicating that colloidosomes have the potential to be effective drug carriers for delivering PZA to the target site.Item Bracing NK cell based therapy to relegate pulmonary inflammation in COVID-19(Elsevier, 2021-07) Jeyaraman, Madhan; Muthu, Sathish; Bapat, Asawari; Jain, Rashmi; Sushmitha, E. S.; Gulati, Arun; Channaiah Anudeep, Talagavadi; Dilip, Shirodkar Jaswandi; Jha, Niraj Kumar; Kumar, Dhruv; Kesari, Kavindra Kumar; Ojha, Shreesh; Dholpuria, Sunny; Gupta, Gaurav; Dureja, Harish; Chellappan, Dinesh Kumar; Singh, Sachin Kumar; Dua, Kamal; Jha, Saurabh Kumar; Sharda University; Government Medical College and Hospital; Infohealth FZE; Raja Rajeswari Medical College & Hospital; Kalpana Chawla Government Medical College; BYL Nair Charitable Hospital & TN Medical College; ESIS Hospital; Amity University; Department of Applied Physics; United Arab Emirates University; Indian Scientific Education and Technology Foundation; Suresh Gyan Vihar University; Maharshi Dayanand University; International Medical University; Lovely Professional UniversityThe contagiosity of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has startled mankind and has brought our lives to a standstill. The treatment focused mainly on repurposed immunomodulatory and antiviral agents along with the availability of a few vaccines for prophylaxis to vanquish COVID-19. This seemingly mandates a deeper understanding of the disease pathogenesis. This necessitates a plausible extrapolation of cell-based therapy to COVID-19 and is regarded equivalently significant. Recently, correlative pieces of clinical evidence reported a robust decline in lymphocyte count in severe COVID-19 patients that suggest dysregulated immune responses as a key element contributing to the pathophysiological alterations. The large granular lymphocytes also known as natural killer (NK) cells play a heterogeneous role in biological functioning wherein their frontline action defends the body against a wide array of infections and tumors. They prominently play a critical role in viral clearance and executing immuno-modulatory activities. Accumulated clinical evidence demonstrate a decrease in the number of NK cells in circulation with or without phenotypical exhaustion. These plausibly contribute to the progression of pulmonary inflammation in COVID-19 pneumonia and result in acute lung injury. In this review, we have outlined the present understanding of the immunological response of NK cells in COVID-19 infection. We have also discussed the possible use of these powerful biological cells as a therapeutic agent in view of preventing immunological harms of SARS-CoV-2 and the current challenges in advocating NK cell therapy for the same.Item Cell Phone Radiation Exposure Limits and Engineering Solutions(MDPI AG, 2023-04) Héroux, Paul; Belyaev, Igor; Chamberlin, Kent; Dasdag, Suleyman; De Salles, Alvaro Augusto Almeida; Rodriguez, Claudio Enrique Fernandez; Hardell, Lennart; Kelley, Elizabeth; Kesari, Kavindra Kumar; Mallery-Blythe, Erica; Melnick, Ronald L.; Miller, Anthony B.; Moskowitz, Joel M.; , International Commission on the Biological Effects of Electromagnetic Fields (ICBE-EMF); McGill University; Slovak Academy of Sciences; University of New Hampshire; Istanbul Medeniyet University; Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul; Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciȇncia e Tecnologia do Rio Grande do Sul; Örebro University; International Commission on the Biological Effects of Electromagnetic Fields (ICBE-EMF); Department of Applied Physics; British Society for Ecological Medicine; National Institutes of Health; University of Toronto; University of California BerkeleyIn the 1990s, the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) restricted its risk assessment for human exposure to radiofrequency radiation (RFR) in seven ways: (1) Inappropriate focus on heat, ignoring sub-thermal effects. (2) Reliance on exposure experiments performed over very short times. (3) Overlooking time/amplitude characteristics of RFR signals. (4) Ignoring carcinogenicity, hypersensitivity, and other health conditions connected with RFR. (5) Measuring cellphone Specific Absorption Rates (SAR) at arbitrary distances from the head. (6) Averaging SAR doses at volumetric/mass scales irrelevant to health. (7) Using unrealistic simulations for cell phone SAR estimations. Low-cost software and hardware modifications are proposed here for cellular phone RFR exposure mitigation: (1) inhibiting RFR emissions in contact with the body, (2) use of antenna patterns reducing the Percent of Power absorbed in the Head (PPHead) and body and increasing the Percent of Power Radiated for communications (PPR), and (3) automated protocol-based reductions of the number of RFR emissions, their duration, or integrated dose. These inexpensive measures do not fundamentally alter cell phone functions or communications quality. A health threat is scientifically documented at many levels and acknowledged by industries. Yet mitigation of RFR exposures to users does not appear as a priority with most cell phone manufacturers.Item Cellular landscaping of cisplatin resistance in cervical cancer(Elsevier, 2022-09) Bhattacharjee, Rahul; Dey, Tanima; Kumar, Lamha; Kar, Sulagna; Sarkar, Ritayan; Ghorai, Mimosa; Malik, Sumira; Jha, Niraj Kumar; Vellingiri, Balachandar; Kesari, Kavindra Kumar; Pérez de la Lastra, José M.; Dey, Abhijit; Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems; Department of Applied Physics; Wood Chemistry; Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology; Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram; Presidency College India; Amity University; Sharda University; Bharathiar University; CSICCervical cancer (CC) caused by human papillomavirus (HPV) is one of the largest causes of malignancies in women worldwide. Cisplatin is one of the widely used drugs for the treatment of CC is rendered ineffective owing to drug resistance. This review highlights the cause of resistance and the mechanism of cisplatin resistance cells in CC to develop therapeutic ventures and strategies that could be utilized to overcome the aforementioned issue. These strategies would include the application of nanocarries, miRNA, CRIPSR/Cas system, and chemotherapeutics in synergy with cisplatin to not only overcome the issues of drug resistance but also enhance its anti-cancer efficiency. Moreover, we have also discussed the signaling network of cisplatin resistance cells in CC that would provide insights to develop therapeutic target sites and inhibitors. Furthermore, we have discussed the role of CC metabolism on cisplatin resistance cells and the physical and biological factors affecting the tumor microenvironments.Item Cellulose elementary fibril orientation in the spruce S1-2 transition layer(NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP, 2019-03-07) Reza, Mehedi; Bertinetto, Carlo; Kesari, Kavindra Kumar; Engelhardt, Peter; Ruokolainen, Janne; Vuorinen, Tapani; Department of Applied Physics; Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems; Molecular Materials; Wood ChemistryThe tight organization of major wood cell wall polymers limits the swellability, solubility and reactivity of cellulose fibers during the production of regenerated textile fibers, nanocellulose, bioethanol, and many other value-added products. However, the ultrastructural assembly of cellulose elementary fibrils (EF) and matrix materials in one of the outer layers, i.e. S 1-2 transition layer of wood cell wall, is far from being understood. Here, single-axis electron tomography on ultrathin spruce sections was applied to observe the three-dimensional (3D) structure of the S 1-2 layer. The nanoscale geometries of the EFs were further quantitatively modeled through mathematical fitting of the tomographic subvolumes by suitable parametric space curves. The results showed that crisscross, bundled and parallel EF organizations are all present in this layer; the former two exhibit a denser structure. Several quantitative measures such as distances and angles were obtained for the analyzed structures. The result obtained in this study suggests that the S 1-2 transition layer differs in structure than the principal cell wall layers. The structural differences and its possible role in wood cell wall have been discussed. These results will enhance our understanding of the swellability, accessibility and solubility of woody biomass for its conversion into the aforementioned value-added products.Item Characterization and Exploration of Placket-Burman-Designed Porous Calcium Carbonate (Vaterite) Microparticles(American Chemical Society, 2023-11-28) Singh, Avi; Das, Sabya Sachi; Verma, Priya Ranjan Prasad; Ruokolainen, Janne; Kesari, Kavindra Kumar; Singh, Sandeep Kumar; Department of Applied Physics; Molecular Materials; Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra; DIT UniversityThe objective of the research was to identify significant variables that impact the porosity-related properties of CaCO3 particles. The Placket-Burman design was employed to screen multiple variables, including pH, molar concentrations of calcium chloride and sodium carbonate, temperature, concentration of Gelucire 44/14, Cremophor RH40, Solutol HS15, Labrasol, mixing rate, reaction time, and order of addition. The response variables were surface area, pore radius, and pore volume. Influential methodologies such as XRD, FTIR, Raman spectroscopy, and TGA were utilized to validate the precipitate type. The BET surface area ranged from 1.5 to 16.14 m2/g, while the pore radius varied from 2.62 to 6.68 nm, and the pore volume exhibited a range of 2.43 to 37.97 cc/gm. Vaterite structures with spherical mesoporous characteristics were observed at high pH, whereas calcite formations occurred at low pH. The order of addition impacted the surface area but did not affect the pore volume. To maximize the surface area, a lower reaction time and molar concentrations of sodium carbonate were found to be advantageous. The pore radius was influenced by the pH, surfactants, and reaction conditions. The sediments were categorized based on the percentage of vaterite formation. The instrumental techniques effectively characterized the precipitates and provided a valuable complementary analysis.Item Chitosan Nanoparticle Encapsulation of Antibacterial Essential Oils(MDPI AG, 2022-08) Negi, Arvind; Kesari, Kavindra Kumar; Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems; Department of Applied Physics; Textile Chemistry; Wood ChemistryChitosan is the most suitable encapsulation polymer because of its natural abundance, biodegradability, and surface functional groups in the form of free NH2 groups. The presence of NH2 groups allows for the facile grafting of functionalized molecules onto the chitosan surface, resulting in multifunctional materialistic applications. Quaternization of chitosan’s free amino is one of the typical chemical modifications commonly achieved under acidic conditions. This quaternization improves its ionic character, making it ready for ionic–ionic surface modification. Although the cationic nature of chitosan alone exhibits antibacterial activity because of its interaction with negatively-charged bacterial membranes, the nanoscale size of chitosan further amplifies its antibiofilm activity. Additionally, the researcher used chitosan nanoparticles as polymeric materials to encapsulate antibiofilm agents (such as antibiotics and natural phytochemicals), serving as an excellent strategy to combat biofilm-based secondary infections. This paper provided a summary of available carbohydrate-based biopolymers as antibiofilm materials. Furthermore, the paper focuses on chitosan nanoparticle-based encapsulation of basil essential oil (Ocimum basilicum), mandarin essential oil (Citrus reticulata), Carum copticum essential oil (“Ajwain”), dill plant seed essential oil (Anethum graveolens), peppermint oil (Mentha piperita), green tea oil (Camellia sinensis), cardamom essential oil, clove essential oil (Eugenia caryophyllata), cumin seed essential oil (Cuminum cyminum), lemongrass essential oil (Cymbopogon commutatus), summer savory essential oil (Satureja hortensis), thyme essential oil, cinnamomum essential oil (Cinnamomum zeylanicum), and nettle essential oil (Urtica dioica). Additionally, chitosan nanoparticles are used for the encapsulation of the major essential components carvacrol and cinnamaldehyde, the encapsulation of an oil-in-water nanoemulsion of eucalyptus oil (Eucalyptus globulus), the encapsulation of a mandarin essential oil nanoemulsion, and the electrospinning nanofiber of collagen hydrolysate–chitosan with lemon balm (Melissa officinalis) and dill (Anethum graveolens) essential oil.Item Chitosan Nanoparticles-Based Cancer Drug Delivery: Application and Challenges(MDPI AG, 2023-04) Sachdeva, Bhuvi; Sachdeva, Punya; Negi, Arvind; Ghosh, Shampa; Han, Sungsoo; Dewanjee, Saikat; Jha, Saurabh Kumar; Bhaskar, Rakesh; Sinha, Jitendra Kumar; Paiva-Santos, Ana Cláudia; Jha, Niraj Kumar; Kesari, Kavindra Kumar; Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems; Department of Applied Physics; Textile Chemistry; University of Delhi; GloNeuro; Yeungnam University; Jadavpur University; Sharda University; University of CoimbraChitin is the second most abundant biopolymer consisting of N-acetylglucosamine units and is primarily derived from the shells of marine crustaceans and the cell walls of organisms (such as bacteria, fungi, and algae). Being a biopolymer, its materialistic properties, such as biodegradability, and biocompatibility, make it a suitable choice for biomedical applications. Similarly, its deacetylated derivative, chitosan, exhibits similar biocompatibility and biodegradability properties, making it a suitable support material for biomedical applications. Furthermore, it has intrinsic material properties such as antioxidant, antibacterial, and antitumor. Population studies have projected nearly 12 million cancer patients across the globe, where most will be suffering from solid tumors. One of the shortcomings of potent anticancer drugs is finding a suitable cellular delivery material or system. Therefore, identifying new drug carriers to achieve effective anticancer therapy is becoming essential. This paper focuses on the strategies implemented using chitin and chitosan biopolymers in drug delivery for cancer treatment.Item Clinical Potential of Himalayan Herb Bergenia ligulata: An Evidence-Based Study(MDPI AG, 2022-10) Roychoudhury, Shubhadeep; Das, Dipika; Das, Sandipan; Jha, Niraj Kumar; Pal, Mahadeb; Kolesarova, Adriana; Kesari, Kavindra Kumar; Kalita, Jogen C.; Slama, Petr; Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems; Department of Applied Physics; Wood Chemistry; Assam University; Sharda University; Bose Institute; Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra; Gauhati University; Mendel University in BrnoHerbal products have been used in traditional systems of medicine and by ethnic healers for ages to treat various diseases. Currently, it is estimated that about 80% of people worldwide use herbal traditional medicines against various ailments, partly due to easy accessibility and low cost, and the lower side effects they pose. Bergenia ligulata, a herb ranging from the Himalayas to the foothills, including the north-eastern states of India, has traditionally been used as a remedy against various diseases, most prominently kidney stones. The medicinal properties of B. ligulata have been attributed to bergenin, its most potent bioactive component. Apart from bergenin, the other compounds available in B. ligulata are arbutin, gallic acid, protocatechuic acid, chlorogenic acid, syringic acid, catechin, ferulic acid, afzelechin, paashaanolactone, caryophyllene, 1,8-cineole, β-eudesmol, stigmasterol, β-sitosterol, parasorbic acid, 3-methyl-2-buten-1-ol, phytol, terpinen-4-ol, tannic acid, isovalaric acid, avicularin, quercetin, reynoutrin, and sitoinoside I. This review summarizes various medicinal properties of the herb, along with providing deep insight into its bioactive molecules and their potential roles in the amelioration of human ailments. Additionally, the possible mechanism(s) of action of the herb’s anti-urolithiatic, antioxidative, antipyretic, anti-diabetic, anti-inflammatory and hepatoprotective properties are discussed. This comprehensive documentation will help researchers to better understand the medicinal uses of the herb. Further studies on B. ligulata can lead to the discovery of new drug(s) and therapeutics for various ailments.Item A Comparative Cross-Platform Analysis to Identify Potential Biomarker Genes for Evaluation of Teratozoospermia and Azoospermia(MDPI AG, 2022-10) Das, Suchismita; Guha, Pokhraj; Nath, Monika; Das, Sandipan; Sen, Surojit; Sahu, Jagajjit; Kopanska, Marta; Dutta, Sulagna; Jamal, Qazi Mohammad Sajid; Kesari, Kavindra Kumar; Sengupta, Pallav; Slama, Petr; Roychoudhury, Shubhadeep; Department of Applied Physics; Assam University; Vidyasagar University; Mariani College; GyanArras Academy; University of Rzeszów; Bharath Institute of Higher Education and Research; Qassim University; Gulf Medical University; Mendel University in BrnoMale infertility is a global public health concern. Teratozoospermia is a qualitative anomaly of spermatozoa morphology, contributing significantly to male infertility, whereas azoospermia is the complete absence of spermatozoa in the ejaculate. Thus, there is a serious need for unveiling the common origin and/or connection between both of these diseases, if any. This study aims to identify common potential biomarker genes of these two diseases via an in silico approach using a meta-analysis of microarray data. In this study, a differential expression analysis of genes was performed on four publicly available RNA microarray datasets, two each from teratozoospermia (GSE6872 and GSE6967) and azoospermia (GSE145467 and GSE25518). From the analysis, 118 DEGs were found to be common to teratozoospermia and azoospermia, and, interestingly, sperm autoantigenic protein 17 (SPA17) was found to possess the highest fold change value among all the DEGs (9.471), while coiled-coil domain-containing 90B (CCDC90B) and coiled-coil domain-containing 91 (CCDC91) genes were found to be common among three of analyses, i.e., Network Analyst, ExAtlas, and GEO2R. This observation indicates that SPA17, CCDC90B, and CCDC91 genes might have significant roles to play as potential biomarkers for teratozoospermia and azoospermia. Thus, our study opens a new window of research in this area and can provide an important theoretical basis for the diagnosis and treatment of both these diseases.Item A comparative cross‐platform meta‐analysis to identify potential biomarker genes common to endometriosis and recurrent pregnancy loss(Springer International Publishing AG, 2021-04-02) Guha, Pokhraj; Roychoudhury, Shubhadeep; Singha, Sobita; Kalita, Jogen C.; Kolesarova, Adriana; Jamal, Qazi Mohammad Sajid; Jha, Niraj Kumar; Kumar, Dhruv; Ruokolainen, Janne; Kesari, Kavindra Kumar; Vidyasagar University; Assam University; Gauhati University; Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra; Qassim University; Sharda University; Amity University; Department of Applied PhysicsEndometriosis is characterized by unwanted growth of endometrial tissue in different locations of the female reproductive tract. It may lead to recurrent pregnancy loss, which is one of the worst curses for the reproductive age group of human populations around the world. Thus, there is an urgent need for unveiling any common source of origin of both these diseases and con-nections, if any. Herein, we aimed to identify common potential biomarker genes of these two diseases via in silico approach using meta‐analysis of microarray data. Datasets were selected for the study based on certain exclusion criteria. Those datasets were subjected to comparative meta‐anal-yses for the identification of differentially expressed genes (DEGs), that are common to both diag-noses. The DEGs were then subjected to protein‐protein networking and subsequent functional enrichment analyses for unveiling their role/function in connecting two diseases. From the analyses, 120 DEGs are reported to be significant out of which four genes have been found to be prominent. These include the CTNNB1, HNRNPAB, SNRPF and TWIST2 genes. The significantly enriched pathways based on the above‐mentioned genes are mainly centered on signaling and developmental events. These findings could significantly elucidate the underlying molecular events in endometri-osis‐based recurrent miscarriages.Item Comprehensive Analysis of Global Research on Human Varicocele: A Scientometric Approach(KOREAN SOC SEXUAL MEDICINE & ANDROLOGY, 2022-10) Agarwal, Ashok; Finelli, Renata; Durairajanayagam, Damayanthi; Leisegang, Kristian; Henkel, Ralf; Salvio, Gianmaria; Aghamajidi, Azin; Sengupta, Pallav; Crisostomo, Luis; Tsioulou, Petroula A.; Roychoudhury, Shubhadeep; Finocchi, Federica; Darbandi, Mahsa; Mottola, Filomena; Darbandi, Sara; Iovine, Concetta; Santonastaso, Marianna; Zaker, Himasadat; Kesari, Kavindra Kumar; Nomanzadeh, Amir; Gugnani, Nivita; Rambhatla, Amarnath; Duran, Mesut Berkan; Ceyhan, Erman; Kandil, Hussein; Arafa, Mohamed; Saleh, Ramadan; Shah, Rupin; Boitrelle, Florence; Department of Applied PhysicsPurpose: This study provides a comprehensive analysis of research trends on the etiology, mechanisms, potential risk factors, diagnosis, prognosis, surgical and non-surgical treatment of varicocele, and clinical outcomes before and after varicocele repair. Materials and Methods: Varicocele studies published between 1988 and 2020 were retrieved from the Scopus database on April 5, 2021. Original studies on human varicocele were included, irrespective of language. Retrieved articles were manually screened for inclusion in various sub-categories. Bibliometric data was subjected to scientometric analysis using descriptive statistics. Network, heat and geographic mapping were generated using relevant software. Results: In total, 1,943 original human studies on varicocele were published. These were predominantly from the northern hemisphere and developed countries, and published in journals from the United States and Germany. Network map analysis for countries showed several interconnected nodal points, with the USA being the largest, and Agarwal A. from Cleveland Clinic, USA, being a center point of worldwide varicocele research collaborations. Studies of adolescents were underrepresented compared with studies of adults. Studies on diagnostic and prognostic aspects of varicocele were more numerous than studies on varicocele prevalence, mechanistic studies and studies focusing on etiological and risk factors. Varicocele surgery was more investigated than non-surgical approaches. To evaluate the impact of varicocele and its treatment, researchers mainly analyzed basic semen parameters, although markers of seminal oxidative stress are being increasingly investigated in the last decade, while reproductive outcomes such as live birth rate were under-reported in the literature. Conclusions: This study analyzes the publication trends in original research on human varicocele spanning over the last three decades. Our analysis emphasizes areas for further exploration to better understand varicocele's impact on men's health and male fertility.Item Computing of neuromorphic materials : an emerging approach for bioengineering solutions(Royal Society of Chemistry, 2023-10-18) Prakash, Chander; Gupta, Lovi Raj; Mehta, Amrinder; Vasudev, Hitesh; Tominov, Roman; Korman, Ekaterina; Fedotov, Alexander; Smirnov, Vladimir; Kesari, Kavindra Kumar; Lovely Professional University; Southern Federal University; Department of Applied Physics; Department of Applied PhysicsThe potential of neuromorphic computing to bring about revolutionary advancements in multiple disciplines, such as artificial intelligence (AI), robotics, neurology, and cognitive science, is well recognised. This paper presents a comprehensive survey of current advancements in the use of machine learning techniques for the logical development of neuromorphic materials for engineering solutions. The amalgamation of neuromorphic technology and material design possesses the potential to fundamentally revolutionise the procedure of material exploration, optimise material architectures at the atomic or molecular level, foster self-adaptive materials, augment energy efficiency, and enhance the efficacy of brain-machine interfaces (BMIs). Consequently, it has the potential to bring about a paradigm shift in various sectors and generate innovative prospects within the fields of material science and engineering. The objective of this study is to advance the field of artificial intelligence (AI) by creating hardware for neural networks that is energy-efficient. Additionally, the research attempts to improve neuron models, learning algorithms, and learning rules. The ultimate goal is to bring about a transformative impact on AI and better the overall efficiency of computer systems.
