Browsing by Author "Jaalama, Kaisa"
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- 3D geovisualizations in human-centered quality assessments of urban and green spaces — from point clouds to nonabsolute spaces
School of Engineering | Doctoral dissertation (article-based)(2022) Jaalama, KaisaThrough technological advancement, vertical, three-dimensional (3D) geoinformation has been designated to fulfil the horizontal, two-dimensional data resources and viewpoint of the environment. However, 3D geovisualizations are still divergent and unstandardized. This also applies to our understanding of their impact on society—their ability to imitate their physical counterparts as a lived environment and places as a social entity. While a range of studies presents solutions and applications for 3D geovisualizations, fewer focus on their critical examination in human-centered urban and green space assessments in an interdisciplinary way. This dissertation contributed to filling this gap by presenting three case studies conducted with 3D geovisualizations. First, the role of 3D point cloud data acquisition was tested for objective-deductive urban green assessments with a green factor framework. Second, the applicability of 3D geovisualizations was tested for subjective-inductive assessments in terms of perceived affordances of an urban park deck, using in-situ-based interview data as a reference in the analysis of the virtual reality-based interview data. Third, the role of subjective place relations with perceived realism (i.e., sense of presence) and subjective place meanings (i.e., sense of place) in subjective-inductive assessments with 3D geovisualizations was demonstrated. Finally, a framework presenting distinct knowledge approaches with 3D geovisualizations was reconciled.The results show that design for data capture is an interplay of the respective framework, individual characteristics of the physical properties, measurement devices, and additional information sources available. Future frameworks for assessment tasks, such as green efficiency in cities, should be designed to include the possibilities of vertical strata and volume. Further, the results show that most of the dimensions of green space affordances were at least to some extent perceivable in a subjective-inductive assessment through 3D geovisualization. Compared to the in-situ interview data, challenges with 3D geovisualization were linked to the weaker perception of surroundings outside the park deck, lack of social clues, and deficits in visual detail and coherency. The results underline the perception-altering role of prior familiarity with the geovisualized place both for the sense of presence and sense of place. Visual realism and spatial presence can enforce the communicative effectiveness of 3D geovisualizations, but so can prior familiarity with the place. The results demonstrate that, apart from objective-deductive methods, urban and green space planning can benefit from subjective-inductive assessments with 3D geovisualizations. A central outcome is that 3D geovisualization possesses possibilities for distinct knowledge approaches that contribute to each other in a co-productive manner. - 3D Point Cloud Data in Conveying Information for Local Green Factor Assessment
A1 Alkuperäisartikkeli tieteellisessä aikakauslehdessä(2021-11-11) Jaalama, Kaisa; Kauhanen, Heikki; Keitaanniemi, Aino; Rantanen, Toni; Virtanen, Juho-Pekka; Julin, Arttu; Vaaja, Matti Tapio; Ingman, Matias; Ahlavuo, Marika; Hyyppä, HannuThe importance of ensuring the adequacy of urban ecosystem services and green infrastructure has been widely highlighted in multidisciplinary research. Meanwhile, the consolidation of cities has been a dominant trend in urban development and has led to the development and implementation of the green factor tool in cities such as Berlin, Melbourne, and Helsinki. In this study, elements of the green factor tool were monitored with laser-scanned and photogrammetrically derived point cloud datasets encompassing a yard in Espoo, Finland. The results show that with the support of 3D point clouds, it is possible to support the monitoring of the local green infrastructure, including elements of smaller size in green areas and yards. However, point clouds generated by distinct means have differing abilities in conveying information on green elements, and canopy covers, for example, might hinder these abilities. Additionally, some green factor elements are more promising for 3D measurement-based monitoring than others, such as those with clear geometrical form. The results encourage the involvement of 3D measuring technologies for monitoring local urban green infrastructure (UGI), also of small scale. - 3D visualisations for communicative urban and landscape planning: What systematic mapping of academic literature can tell us of their potential?
A2 Katsausartikkeli tieteellisessä aikakauslehdessä(2023-06) Eilola, Salla; Jaalama, Kaisa; Kangassalo, Petri; Nummi, Pilvi; Staffans, Aija; Fagerholm, NoraPublic participation and collaboration supported by the opportunities that digital technologies offer are prolific themes in urban and landscape planning. In the past two decades, there has been a growing interest in the capacity of 3D visualisations to support citizen and stakeholder engagement in communicative planning processes. However, the technical advances of 3D visualisations still outstrip the current understanding of their benefits, appropriate uses and usability in practical planning contexts. There are no reviews or systematic mapping of literature, to our knowledge, that investigate the available evidence on the usability of particular 3D visualisations or that document the scope and gaps in current research on 3D applications in communicative planning. To answer this need we conducted a systematic mapping of academic literature reporting recent case studies of 3D visualisations that have been utilised or developed for communicative urban and landscape planning contexts. We follow established guidelines for systematic reviews and used Scopus and Web of Science as primary electronic databases. Altogether, we reviewed 46 case studies globally. Our findings highlight the heterogeneity of planning contexts and purposes, terminology and technological 3D solutions. Moreover, the scarcity of real-life planning cases and robust and well-documented usability evaluations are evident in the literature. We discuss limitations of the existing academic literature for evidence-based understanding and suggest a common framework for reporting in the field of participatory and collaborative 3D visualisations to enable more rigorous and systematic evaluation of the usability and benefits of these technologies in urban and landscape planning. - 3D-kaupunkimallien sovellukset, esimerkkinä kaupunkiympäristön riskienhallinta
Insinööritieteiden korkeakoulu | Bachelor's thesis(2019-09-02) Nurminen, Iris - Auditing an urban park deck with 3D geovisualization—A comparison of in-situ and VR walk-along interviews
A1 Alkuperäisartikkeli tieteellisessä aikakauslehdessä(2022-10) Jaalama, Kaisa; Rantanen, Toni; Julin, Arttu; Fagerholm, Nora; Keitaanniemi, Aino; Virtanen, Juho Pekka; Handolin, Hannu; Vaaja, Matti; Hyyppä, HannuVirtual reality-based urban audit methods are gaining increasing attention; however, most virtual urban audit studies have focused on panoramic views. The 3D city model-based geovisualizations have remained until now rather unexplored in user studies for urban audits and for communicative urban planning. We explored the feasibility of a 3D geovisualization-based urban audit in virtual reality (VR) for assessing the perceived quality of an urban park deck in Helsinki, Finland. For this purpose, we created a photorealistic and geometrically accurate 3D model (Bryga 3D) based on photogrammetric and laser scanning data. Bryga 3D was implemented on a game engine to be viewed with a head-mounted VR display. Bryga 3D's ability to convey information in a subjective urban audit, that is, subjectively perceived affordances of a park deck, was tested in a walk-along interview study comparing auditing in situ and via the VR method. A comparison of the results with in-situ (n = 13) and VR interviews (n = 21) show that the perception of several tangible elements, such as spatial division, landforms, paths, and chairs when using Bryga VR was similar to when performed in situ. Perception of vegetation was weaker in VR in terms of its detailed quality, which somewhat affected the presented development ideas and assessment of the seasonal context. Also, weaker perception of the surroundings and city context affected the results in VR. However, considering that Bryga 3D presents an example of a highly automated 3D city modeling process conducted with minimal manual work, its results are encouraging for future attempts to advance such realizations for the purposes of communicative urban planning. 3D geovisualization-based virtual audits could be used when urban green space audits are not possible or when they are demanding to implement in situ. - Automated multi-sensor 3D reconstruction for the web
A1 Alkuperäisartikkeli tieteellisessä aikakauslehdessä(2019-05-08) Julin, Arttu; Jaalama, Kaisa; Virtanen, Juho Pekka; Maksimainen, Mikko; Kurkela, Matti; Hyyppä, Juha; Hyyppä, HannuThe Internet has become a major dissemination and sharing platform for 3D content. The utilization of 3D measurement methods can drastically increase the production efficiency of 3D content in an increasing number of use cases where 3D documentation of real-life objects or environments is required. We demonstrated a developed, highly automated and integrated content creation process of providing reality-based photorealistic 3D models for the web. Close-range photogrammetry, terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) and their combination are compared using available state-of-the-art tools in a real-life project setting with real-life limitations. Integrating photogrammetry and TLS is a good compromise for both geometric and texture quality. Compared to approaches using only photogrammetry or TLS, it is slower and more resource-heavy but combines complementary advantages of each method, such as direct scale determination from TLS or superior image quality typically used in photogrammetry. The integration is not only beneficial, but clearly productionally possible using available state-of-the-art tools that have become increasingly available also for non-expert users. Despite the high degree of automation, some manual editing steps are still required in practice to achieve satisfactory results in terms of adequate visual quality. This is mainly due to the current limitations of WebGL technology. - Avoin TKI ammattikorkeakouluissa tekijöiden näkemyksiä
A1 Alkuperäisartikkeli tieteellisessä aikakauslehdessä(2020-03-16) Talvela, Juhani; Jaalama, Kaisa; Hyyppä, Hannu; Ahlavuo, Marika; Päällysaho, Seliina; Lahtinen, Hanna; Kärki, AnneTässä artikkelissa analysoidaan ammattikorkeakoulujen henkilöstön esittämiä mielipiteitä neljään avointa TKI-toimintaa koskevaan teemaan. TKI-toiminnan ja opetustoiminnan integraatio sekä opiskelijoiden tuominen aktiivisemmin mukaan TKI-toimintaan saivat vastauksissa eniten huomiota. Lisäksi tuotiin esiin sekä hyviä käytäntöjä että suurimpia puutteita. Avoimen TKI-toiminnan prosessien organisoinnissa ja johtamisessa on vielä lukuisia haasteita. Luottamuksen puutteeseen liittyvät pelot nousivat vastauksissa esiin ehkä liiankin vahvasti. - Browser Based 3D for the Built Environment
A1 Alkuperäisartikkeli tieteellisessä aikakauslehdessä(2018-12-13) Virtanen, Juho-Pekka; Hyyppä, Hannu; Kurkela, Matti; Vaaja, Matti; Puustinen, Tuulia; Jaalama, Kaisa; Julin, Arttu; Pouke, Matti; Kukko, Antero; Turppa, Tuomas; Zhu, Lingli; Ojala, Timo; Hyyppä, JuhaDigital 3D models have become a central tool for geo-information. For many participatory and collaborative applications, distributing these models easily is essential. Several technical solutions exist for creating online systems that facilitate the study of 3D models in the context of the built environment. First, we provide an overview on browser based interactive 3D visualizations through presenting a set of existing systems applied in Finland, and discussing their common properties and differences. Second, we experiment with an online 3D application development platform in order to obtain first-hand experience. The systems studied show a high potential for browser based 3D applications: interactive visualizations with multi-user characteristics and dynamic elements can be built by leveraging the 3D web technologies. Finally, we suggest a list of essential capabilities for online 3D visualization, covering the spectrum of possibilities available in modern web-based 3D. - Characterizing 3d city modeling projects : Towards a harmonized interoperable system
A1 Alkuperäisartikkeli tieteellisessä aikakauslehdessä(2018-02-01) Julin, Arttu; Jaalama, Kaisa; Virtanen, Juho Pekka; Pouke, Matti; Ylipulli, Johanna; Vaaja, Matti; Hyyppä, Juha; Hyyppä, Hannu3D city models have become common geospatial data assets for cities that can be utilized in numerous fields, in tasks related to planning, visualization, and decision-making among others. We present a study of 3D city modeling focusing on the six largest cities in Finland. The study portrays a contradiction between the realized 3D city modeling projects and the expectations towards them: models do not appear to reach the broad applicability envisioned. In order to deal with contradiction and to support the development of future 3D city models, characteristics of different operational cultures in 3D city modeling are presented, and a concept for harmonizing the 3D city modeling is suggested. - CREATING OPEN ONLINE APPLICATIONS WITH GEOSPATIAL INTERFACES - CASE STUDY “PALVELUTUTKA”
A1 Alkuperäisartikkeli tieteellisessä aikakauslehdessä(2021-11-19) Virtanen, Juho-Pekka; Julin, Arttu; Jaalama, Kaisa; Hyyppä, HannuThree-dimensional city models are an increasingly common data set maintained by many cities globally. At the same time, the focus of research has shifted from their production to their utilization in application development. We present the implementation of a demonstrator application combining the online visualization of a 3D city information model with the data from an application programming interface. By this, we aim to demonstrate the combined use of city APIs and 3D geospatial assets, promote their use for application development and show the performance of existing, openly available tools for 3D city model application development. - Developing Open RDI and Education in Finnish Universities of Applied Sciences
A1 Alkuperäisartikkeli tieteellisessä aikakauslehdessä(2021-02-01) Kärki, Anne; Päällysaho, Seliina; Jaalama, Kaisa; Talvela, Juhani; Lehto, Anttoni; Hyyppä, HannuOpen Science (OS) and Research has reached mixed maturity levels in Finland. The meaning of the national project in the ecosystem of Finnish universities of applied sciences (UAS) is to enhance and elaborate OS and Open Education (OE) activities. Future actions were defined based on a survey and interviews carried out in the Finnish UAS sector during 2018 and 2019. The aim of both data collections was to evaluate the current status and attitudes towards open Research, Development, and Innovation (RDI) among staff members. Another purpose was to define the need for internal support services concerning open RDI and OE and to identify knowledge gaps. The results revealed several gaps in understanding OS and OE initiatives. Real-life actions were mostly vague, and the respondents experienced the need for support. On the other hand, the attitudes towards open RDI were positive, and the issue aroused questions and reflections. This study revealed gaps in knowledge and actions in Finnish UAS sectors. These results have been the basis of development actions such as joint workshops, educational webinars, and common instructions. The future plan includes the establishment of an experts' network for supporting open RDI and Education. - Korkean rakennuksen visuaalisten vaikutusten analysointi 3D-kaupunkimallista
Insinööritieteiden korkeakoulu | Bachelor's thesis(2021-05-02) Tuori, Saskia - Near Real-Time Semantic View Analysis of 3D City Models in Web Browser
A1 Alkuperäisartikkeli tieteellisessä aikakauslehdessä(2021-03) Virtanen, Juho-Pekka; Jaalama, Kaisa; Puustinen, Tuulia; Julin, Arttu; Hyyppä, Juha; Hyyppä, Hannu3D city models and their browser-based applications have become an increasingly applied tool in the cities. One of their applications is the analysis views and visibility, applicable to property valuation and evaluation of urban green infrastructure. We present a near real-time semantic view analysis relying on a 3D city model, implemented in a web browser. The analysis is tested in two alternative use cases: property valuation and evaluation of the urban green infrastructure. The results describe the elements visible from a given location, and can also be applied to object type specific analysis, such as green view index estimation, with the main benefit being the freedom of choosing the point-of-view obtained with the 3D model. Several promising development directions can be identified based on the current implementation and experiment results, including the integration of the semantic view analysis with virtual reality immersive visualization or 3D city model application development platforms. - Nighttime Mobile Laser Scanning and 3D Luminance Measurement : Verifying the Outcome of Roadside Tree Pruning with Mobile Measurement of the Road Environment
A1 Alkuperäisartikkeli tieteellisessä aikakauslehdessä(2020-07) Maksimainen, Mikko; Vaaja, Matti T.; Kurkela, Matti; Virtanen, Juho-Pekka; Julin, Arttu; Jaalama, Kaisa; Hyyppä, HannuRoadside vegetation can affect the performance of installed road lighting. We demonstrate a workflow in which a car-mounted measurement system is used to assess the light-obstructing effect of roadside vegetation. The mobile mapping system (MMS) includes a panoramic camera system, laser scanner, inertial measurement unit, and satellite positioning system. The workflow and the measurement system were applied to a road section of Munkkiniemenranta, Helsinki, Finland, in 2015 and 2019. The relative luminance distribution on a road surface and the obstructing vegetation were measured before and after roadside vegetation pruning applying a luminance-calibrated mobile mapping system. The difference between the two measurements is presented, and the opportunities provided by the mobile 3D luminance measurement system are discussed. - Sense of presence and sense of place in perceiving a 3D geovisualization for communication in urban planning – Differences introduced by prior familiarity with the place
A1 Alkuperäisartikkeli tieteellisessä aikakauslehdessä(2021-03) Jaalama, Kaisa; Fagerholm, Nora; Julin, Arttu; Virtanen, Juho-Pekka; Maksimainen, Mikko; Hyyppä, HannuTechnological development towards increased visual quality and accessibility has made photorealistic 3D geovisualizations an interesting tool for communication in urban planning. Particularly the ability to support perception is important in assessing 3D geovisualizations’ effectiveness for communication. We applied both the concept of sense of presence, i.e. effectiveness of the medium, and sense of place, i.e. meanings and affordances, in a user study conducted through a web-based 3D geovisualization. The study addressed a shopping mall in Helsinki, Finland. We collected a sample of adolescent respondents (n = 122), both familiar and unfamiliar with the geovisualized place in question. Adolescents responded to a survey addressing their perceptions of the mall after the virtual visit. The results indicate that prior familiarity with the place affects the results with the sense of presence, sense of place and preferred urban planning outcome. Familiar respondents were more likely to prefer preservation of the mall. The results show how sense of presence and sense of place work in interplay in the perception of a photorealistic 3D geovisualization. Perception is not only dependent on the realism the 3D geovisualization is able to transmit but also on the individual knowledge and experiences of the audience. According to the results, 3D geovisualizations are best used as supportive tools in communication for urban planning and secondary to a real visit. - TKI-hankkeiden tuloksia toivotaan nykyistä paremmin jakoon
A1 Alkuperäisartikkeli tieteellisessä aikakauslehdessä(2020-03-16) Jaalama, Kaisa; Talvela, Juhani; Hyyppä, Hannu; Ahlavuo, Marika; Lahtinen, Hanna; Kärki, Anne; Päällysaho, SeliinaAvoimen TKI-toiminnan käytäntöjä ja asenteita TKI-toimintaa kohtaan selvitettiin OKM:n rahoittamassa Ammattikorkeakoulujen avoin TKI, oppiminen ja innovaatioekosysteemi -hankkeessa marrasjoulukuussa 2018. Kysely oli suunnattu ammattikorkeakoulujen TKI-toiminnan parissa työskentelevälle henkilöstölle, opettajille ja muille asiantuntijoille. Kyselyn tulosten perusteella AMK-henkilöstön TKI-toiminta näyttää olevan jo nyt avoimuuteen pyrkivää. Joissakin avoimen TKI-toiminnan käsitteissä ja toimintatavoissa, kuten aineistojen hallinnan ja tutkimusinfrastruktuurien kohdalla, näyttää olevan tarpeita tuelle ja osaamisen täydentämiselle. Vaikka motivaatiota tiedon julkaisemiseen löytyy, tulosten perusteella TKI-tulosten avoimeksi saattamisen edellytyksiä sekä TKI-tulosten saatavuuden parantamista tulisi vielä edistää.