Browsing by Author "Ilen, Elina"

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  • Automatic Posture and Movement Tracking of Infants with Wearable Movement Sensors
    (2020-12-01) Airaksinen, Manu; Räsänen, Okko; Ilen, Elina; Häyrinen, Taru; Kivi, Anna; Marchi, Viviana; Gallen, Anastasia; Blom, Sonja; Varhe, Anni; Kaartinen, Nico; Haataja, Leena; Vanhatalo, Sampsa
     A1 Alkuperäisartikkeli tieteellisessä aikakauslehdessä
    Infants' spontaneous and voluntary movements mirror developmental integrity of brain networks since they require coordinated activation of multiple sites in the central nervous system. Accordingly, early detection of infants with atypical motor development holds promise for recognizing those infants who are at risk for a wide range of neurodevelopmental disorders (e.g., cerebral palsy, autism spectrum disorders). Previously, novel wearable technology has shown promise for offering efficient, scalable and automated methods for movement assessment in adults. Here, we describe the development of an infant wearable, a multi-sensor smart jumpsuit that allows mobile accelerometer and gyroscope data collection during movements. Using this suit, we first recorded play sessions of 22 typically developing infants of approximately 7 months of age. These data were manually annotated for infant posture and movement based on video recordings of the sessions, and using a novel annotation scheme specifically designed to assess the overall movement pattern of infants in the given age group. A machine learning algorithm, based on deep convolutional neural networks (CNNs) was then trained for automatic detection of posture and movement classes using the data and annotations. Our experiments show that the setup can be used for quantitative tracking of infant movement activities with a human equivalent accuracy, i.e., it meets the human inter-rater agreement levels in infant posture and movement classification. We also quantify the ambiguity of human observers in analyzing infant movements, and propose a method for utilizing this uncertainty for performance improvements in training of the automated classifier. Comparison of different sensor configurations also shows that four-limb recording leads to the best performance in posture and movement classification.
  • Colour management in circular economy: decolourization of cotton waste
    (2019-05-29) Määttänen, Marjo; Asikainen, Sari; Kampuri, Taina; Ilen, Elina; Niinimäki, Kirsi; Tanttu, Marjaana; Harlin, Ali
     A1 Alkuperäisartikkeli tieteellisessä aikakauslehdessä
    Purpose: While aiming to create methods for fibre recycling, the question of colours in waste textiles is also in focus; whether the colour should be kept or should be removed while recycling textile fibre. More knowledge is needed for colour management in a circular economy approach. Design/methodology/approach: The research included the use of different dye types in a cotton dyeing process, the process for decolourizing and the results. Two reactive dyes, two direct dyes and one vat dye were used in the study. Four chemical treatment sequences were used to evaluate colour removal from the dyed cotton fabrics, namely, HCE-A, HCE-P-A, HCE-Z-P-A and HCE-Y-A. Findings: The objective was to evaluate how different chemical refining sequences remove colour from direct, reactive and vat dyed cotton fabrics, and how they influence the specific cellulose properties. Dyeing methods and the used refining sequences influence the degree of colour removal. The highest achieved final brightness of refined cotton materials were between 71 and 91 per cent ISO brightness, depending on the dyeing method used. Research limitations/implications: Only cotton fibre and three different colour types were tested. Practical implications: With cotton waste, it appears to be easier to remove the colour than to retain it, especially if the textile contains polyester residues, which are desired to be removed in the textile refining stage. Originality/value: Colour management in the CE context is an important new track to study in the context of the increasing amount of textile waste used as a raw material.
  • Colours in a Circular Economy
    (2017) Niinimäki, Kirsi; Smirnova, Eugenia; Ilen, Elina; Sixta, Herbert; Hummel, Michael
     A4 Artikkeli konferenssijulkaisussa
    This paper reports on preliminary results on the recycling of coloured cellulose-based textiles using a novel dry-jet wet spinning denoted as the Ioncell-F process. The practical possibility of colour circulation is useful knowledge for colour designers in the industry. The findings can help define further parameters for circular economy products
  • Developing Disposable EEG Cap for Infant Recordings at the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit
    (2022-10) Asayesh, Amirreza; Ilen, Elina; Metsäranta, Marjo; Vanhatalo, Sampsa
     A1 Alkuperäisartikkeli tieteellisessä aikakauslehdessä
    Long-term EEG monitoring in neonatal intensive care units (NICU) is challenged with finding solutions for setting up and maintaining a sufficient recording quality with limited technical experience. The current study evaluates different solutions for the skin–electrode interface and develops a disposable EEG cap for newborn infants. Several alternative materials for the skin–electrode interface were compared to the conventional gel and paste: conductive textiles (textured and woven), conductive Velcro, sponge, super absorbent hydrogel (SAH), and hydro fiber sheets (HF). The comparisons included the assessment of dehydration and recordings of signal quality (skin interphase impedance and powerline (50 Hz) noise) for selected materials. The test recordings were performed using snap electrodes integrated into a forearm sleeve or a forehead band along with skin–electrode interfaces to mimic an EEG cap with the aim of long-term biosignal recording on unprepared skin. In the hydration test, conductive textiles and Velcro performed poorly. While the SAH and HF remained sufficiently hydrated for over 24 h in an incubator-mimicking environment, the sponge material was dehydrated during the first 12 h. Additionally, the SAH was found to have a fragile structure and was electrically prone to artifacts after 12 h. In the electrical impedance and recording comparisons of muscle activity, the results for thick-layer HF were comparable to the conventional gel on unprepared skin. Moreover, the mechanical instability measured by 1–2 Hz and 1–20 Hz normalized relative power spectrum density was comparable with clinical EEG recordings using subdermal electrodes. The results together suggest that thick-layer HF at the skin–electrode interface is an effective candidate for a preparation-free, long-term recording, with many advantages, such as long-lasting recording quality, easy use, and compatibility with sensitive infant skin contact.
  • Empathy in a Technology Driven Design Process: Designing for Users without a Voice of their Own
    (2019-06-03) Ilen, Elina; Groth, Camilla; Ahola, Markus; Niinimäki, Kirsi
     A4 Artikkeli konferenssijulkaisussa
    Smart textiles are often developed in sports- oriented contexts through technology-driven processes. In the medical context, practitioners themselves also invent and develop technological aids in response to needs that emerge in practice. In these cases, novel technology may be the first driver for design to secure functionality and reliability, but our study shows that these processes benefit from human-centric and empathic design approaches. The project develops smart textiles for infants with medical adversities, such as preterm birth, neonatal infections, or birth asphyxia, collaboratively with medical researchers. Our pilot research illuminates the need to use the interest group’s empathic understanding as a starting point for design, as the user of the garments does not yet have a voice of their own. In this paper, we develop the argument for empathic design in a technology-driven design process in the medical context.
  • Improving sustainability in the value chain of the apparel industry empowered with social manufacturing
    (2020-11-09) Mohajeri, Babak; Kauranen, Ilkka; Nyberg, Timo; Ilen, Elina; Nelson, Marc; Gang, Xiong
     A4 Artikkeli konferenssijulkaisussa
    One of the major contributions of social manufacturing is in the realm of sustainability. The apparel industry is a good example to assess contribution of social manufacturing to improve sustainability in practice. Value chains in the apparel industry are faced with various challenges regarding sustainability issues. Apparel companies pay higher attention to economic sustainability issues, and environmental and social sustainability issues of the apparel industry are often underrated. We realize that the apparel brand owners have the highest impact on improving the sustainability of the apparel industry. Thus, we design a collaborative business model empowered with social manufacturing to join the forces among the brand owners for improving sustainability of the apparel industry throughout the value chain. We chose a case study of shifting from conventional screen-printing to more environmentally sustainable digital textile printing. We suggest that this shift can be accelerated if the brand owners join their forces together to shift from conventional printing to digital printing technology in the apparel industry.
  • Intelligent wearable allows out-of-the-lab tracking of developing motor abilities in infants
    (2022-06-15) Airaksinen, Manu; Gallen, Anastasia; Kivi, Anna; Vijayakrishnan, Pavithra; Häyrinen, Taru; Ilen, Elina; Räsänen, Okko; Haataja, Leena; Vanhatalo, Sampsa
     A1 Alkuperäisartikkeli tieteellisessä aikakauslehdessä
    Background Early neurodevelopmental care needs better, effective and objective solutions for assessing infants’ motor abilities. Novel wearable technology opens possibilities for characterizing spontaneous movement behavior. This work seeks to construct and validate a generalizable, scalable, and effective method to measure infants’ spontaneous motor abilities across all motor milestones from lying supine to fluent walking. Methods A multi-sensor infant wearable was constructed, and 59 infants (age 5–19 months) were recorded during their spontaneous play. A novel gross motor description scheme was used for human visual classification of postures and movements at a second-level time resolution. A deep learning -based classifier was then trained to mimic human annotations, and aggregated recording-level outputs were used to provide posture- and movement-specific developmental trajectories, which enabled more holistic assessments of motor maturity. Results Recordings were technically successful in all infants, and the algorithmic analysis showed human-equivalent-level accuracy in quantifying the observed postures and movements. The aggregated recordings were used to train an algorithm for predicting a novel neurodevelopmental measure, Baba Infant Motor Score (BIMS). This index estimates maturity of infants’ motor abilities, and it correlates very strongly (Pearson’s r = 0.89, p  Conclusions The results show that out-of-hospital assessment of infants’ motor ability is possible using a multi-sensor wearable. The algorithmic analysis provides metrics of motility that are transparent, objective, intuitively interpretable, and they link strongly to infants’ age. Such a solution could be automated and scaled to a global extent, holding promise for functional benchmarking in individualized patient care or early intervention trials.
  • An openly available wearable, a diaper cover, monitors infant's respiration and position during rest and sleep
    (2021-10) Ranta, Jukka; Ilen, Elina; Palmu, Kirsi; Salama, Jonna; Roienko, Oleksii; Vanhatalo, Sampsa
     A1 Alkuperäisartikkeli tieteellisessä aikakauslehdessä
    Aim: To describe and test the accuracy of respiratory rate assessment in long-term surveillance using an open-source infant wearable, NAPping PAnts (NAPPA). Methods: We recorded 24 infants aged 1–9 months using our newly developed infant wearable that is a diaper cover with an integrated programmable electronics with accelerometer and gyroscope sensors. The sensor collects child's respiration rate (RR), activity and body posture in 30-s epochs, to be downloaded afterwards into a mobile phone application. An automated RR quality measure was also implemented using autocorrelation function, and the accuracy of RR estimate was compared with a reference obtained from the simultaneously recorded capnography signal that was part of polysomnography recordings. Results: Altogether 88 h 27 min of data were recorded, and 4147 epochs (39% of all data) were accepted after quality detection. The median of patient wise mean absolute errors in RR estimates was 1.5 breaths per minute (interquartile range 1.1–2.6 bpm), and the Blandt-Altman analysis indicated an RR bias of 0.0 bpm with the 95% limits of agreement of −5.7–5.7 bpm. Conclusion: Long-term monitoring of RR and posture can be done with reasonable accuracy in out-of-hospital settings using NAPPA, an openly available infant wearable.
  • Recording activity in proximal muscle networks with surface EMG in assessing infant motor development
    (2021-11) Hautala, Sini; Tokariev, Anton; Roienko, Oleksii; Häyrinen, Taru; Ilen, Elina; Haataja, Leena; Vanhatalo, Sampsa
     A1 Alkuperäisartikkeli tieteellisessä aikakauslehdessä
    Objective: To develop methods for recording and analysing infant's proximal muscle activations. Methods: Surface electromyography (sEMG) of truncal muscles was recorded in three months old infants (N = 18) during spontaneous movement and controlled postural changes. The infants were also divided into two groups according to motor performance. We developed an efficient method for removing dynamic cardiac artefacts to allow i) accurate estimation of individual muscle activations, as well as ii) quantitative characterization of muscle networks. Results: The automated removal of cardiac artefacts allowed quantitation of truncal muscle activity, which showed predictable effects during postural changes, and there were differences between high and low performing infants. The muscle networks showed consistent change in network density during spontaneous movements between supine and prone position. Moreover, activity correlations in individual pairs of back muscles linked to infant acute accent s motor performance. Conclusions: The hereby developed sEMG analysis methodology is feasible and may disclose differences between high and low performing infants. Analysis of the muscle networks may provide novel insight to central control of motility. Significance: Quantitative analysis of infant's muscle activity and muscle networks holds promise for an objective neurodevelopmental assessment of motor system.
  • Recycling of Vat and Reactive Dyed Textile Waste to New Colored Man-Made Cellulose Fibers
    (2019) Haslinger, Simone; Wang, Yingfeng; Rissanen, Marja; Lossa, Miriam; Tanttu, Marjaana; Ilen, Elina; Määttänen, Marjo; Harlin, Ali; Hummel, Michael; Sixta, Herbert
     A1 Alkuperäisartikkeli tieteellisessä aikakauslehdessä
    The successful recycling of colored textile waste and reuse of respective dyes would represent a major milestone of global efforts to reduce the environmental impact of the textile industry. The chemical upcycling of dyed pre- and postconsumer cotton waste is promoted by studying the spinability and color fastness of seven vat and reactive dyes (i.e. Indanthren Blue BC 3%, Indanthren Red FBB coll, Indanthren Brilliant Green FBB coll, Levafix Brilliant Red E-4BA, Levafix Blue E-GRN gran, Remazol Brilliant Blue R spec, and Remazol Black B 133%) during dry-jet wet spinning. Apart from the fabrics dyed with Levafix Brilliant Red E-4BA, all samples dissolved in 1,5-diazabicyclo[4.3.0]non-5-ene actetate, a superbase based ionic liquid, and could be converted to new colored man-made cellulose fibers. It was found that there is a clear discrepancy between the recyclability of dyed pre- and postconsumer cotton waste, resulting in significantly higher fiber properties up to tenacities of 59.8 cN/tex and elongations of 13.1% in case of the latter. All recycled fibers displayed a noticeable color change in the CIELab space (ΔE = 8.8-25.6) throughout the spinning process. Despite these deviations, almost all fibers and demo fabrics produced thereof exhibited bright colors that can be reused in textile industry. Only Remazol Black B 133% did not sufficiently translate to the new textile product. The wash and rubbing fastness of the fabrics knitted from the regenerated fibers was superior to the dyed waste fabrics mainly because of the homogenous distribution of the dyes along the fiber cross-section.
  • Review of the end-of-life solutions in electronics-based smart textiles
    (2020-09-26) Veske, Paula; Ilen, Elina
     A2 Katsausartikkeli tieteellisessä aikakauslehdessä
    Research and development of new products in the smart textile field is growing rapidly because of versatile application areas. There is an extensive focus on the integration of electronics into textiles. However, when different industry fields are merged, as here, the sustainability and recycling issues might descend into even more complex systems. The paper reviews current research and development conducted on the end-of-life solutions for textile integrated electronics. Chosen papers had to be peer-reviewed, written in English, and address the end-of-life issue of electronic-based smart textiles. The search resulted in 18 publications, which indicates a low amount of research but also the serious lack of legislation and actual solutions emerged in this multidisciplinary field. Three tracks were found: smart textile services, eco-design strategy and educating guidelines. Authors suggest concentrating on preventive actions in textile-electronics design and manufacturing processes and the generating standardization for waste management of e-textiles.
  • User Experience of Wearable Infant Sleep Monitoring System for Medical Research and Diagnostics
    (2019-06-13) Ilen, Elina; Acosta Leinonen, Natalia; Ranta, Jukka; Airaksinen, Manu; Haataja, Leena; Vanhatalo, Sampsa
     A4 Artikkeli konferenssijulkaisussa
    A large proportion of infants have frequent sleep-related issues, and some of them may also have an underlying medical adversity, such as preterm birth or neonatal infections. While infant sleep is currently only studied in hospitals using labor-intensive polysomnography measurements, there would be a clear need for recording in patient’s home as well. Here, we describe a newly developed mobile wearable system designed for such purpose, consisting of pull-up pants, with integrated motion sensor and textile ECG-sensors. The paper presents our preliminary findings of product user’s experience; a parent, a nurse and a doctor.
  • Vauvan älyvaatteet: hypeä ja lupausta paremmasta terveydenhoidosta
    (2021-03-25) Vanhatalo, Sampsa; Airaksinen, Manu; Ilen, Elina; Häyrinen, Taru; Ranta, Jukka; Räsänen, Okko; Haataja, Leena
     A2 Katsausartikkeli tieteellisessä aikakauslehdessä
    Puettavan teknologian ratkaisut ovat levinneet nopeasti kuluttajamarkkinoilla seuraten lähes jokaisen aikuisen elämää älypuhelimissa tai rannelaitteissa kulkevilla antureilla. Pilvipalveluissa olevat tekoälypohjaiset algoritmit antavat yhä useammin arkielämän kannalta merkityksellisiä tuloksia. Nämä älykkään tuntuiset vaatteet ja muut puettavat laitteet ovat toistaiseksi lähinnä hyvinvointiteknologian tarpeisiin tehtyjä kuluttajatuotteita. Viime vuosina on lisääntynyt nopeasti niiden jatkokehitys myös lääketieteelliseen käyttöön. Pullonkaulaksi muodostuu se, että lääketieteellisen laitteen vaatimukset eroavat huomattavasti kuluttajatuotteista. Uudet avoimeen rajapintaan kehitetyt sensori- ja ohjelmistoratkaisut ovat mahdollistaneet älyvaatekehityksen myös akateemisena tutkimus- ja kehitystyönä. Lähivuosina nähdään todennäköisesti useita kliiniseen käyttöön lapsille suunnattuja lääketieteellisiä älyvaatteita. Pitkäaikainenkin diagnosointi ja hoidon seuranta on niiden avulla mahdollista lapsen luonnollisessa elinympäristössä.