Browsing by Author "Hyttinen, Juha M.T."
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- Loss of NRF-2 and PGC-1α genes leads to retinal pigment epithelium damage resembling dry age-related macular degeneration
A1 Alkuperäisartikkeli tieteellisessä aikakauslehdessä(2019-01-01) Felszeghy, Szabolcs; Viiri, Johanna; Paterno, Jussi J.; Hyttinen, Juha M.T.; Koskela, Ali; Chen, Mei; Leinonen, Henri; Tanila, Heikki; Kivinen, Niko; Koistinen, Arto; Toropainen, Elisa; Amadio, Marialaura; Smedowski, Adrian; Reinisalo, Mika; Winiarczyk, Mateusz; Mackiewicz, Jerzy; Mutikainen, Maija; Ruotsalainen, Anna Kaisa; Kettunen, Mikko; Jokivarsi, Kimmo; Sinha, Debasish; Kinnunen, Kati; Petrovski, Goran; Blasiak, Janusz; Bjørkøy, Geir; Koskelainen, Ari; Skottman, Heli; Urtti, Arto; Salminen, Antero; Kannan, Ram; Ferrington, Deborah A.; Xu, Heping; Levonen, Anna Liisa; Tavi, Pasi; Kauppinen, Anu; Kaarniranta, KaiAge-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a multi-factorial disease that is the leading cause of irreversible and severe vision loss in the developed countries. It has been suggested that the pathogenesis of dry AMD involves impaired protein degradation in retinal pigment epithelial cells (RPE). RPE cells are constantly exposed to oxidative stress that may lead to the accumulation of damaged cellular proteins, DNA and lipids and evoke tissue deterioration during the aging process. The ubiquitin-proteasome pathway and the lysosomal/autophagosomal pathway are the two major proteolytic systems in eukaryotic cells. NRF-2 (nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor-2) and PGC-1α (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator-1 alpha) are master transcription factors in the regulation of cellular detoxification. We investigated the role of NRF-2 and PGC-1α in the regulation of RPE cell structure and function by using global double knockout (dKO) mice. The NRF-2/PGC-1α dKO mice exhibited significant age-dependent RPE degeneration, accumulation of the oxidative stress marker, 4-HNE (4-hydroxynonenal), the endoplasmic reticulum stress markers GRP78 (glucose-regulated protein 78) and ATF4 (activating transcription factor 4), and damaged mitochondria. Moreover, levels of protein ubiquitination and autophagy markers p62/SQSTM1 (sequestosome 1), Beclin-1 and LC3B (microtubule associated protein 1 light chain 3 beta) were significantly increased together with the Iba-1 (ionized calcium binding adaptor molecule 1) mononuclear phagocyte marker and an enlargement of RPE size. These histopathological changes of RPE were accompanied by photoreceptor dysmorphology and vision loss as revealed by electroretinography. Consequently, these novel findings suggest that the NRF-2/PGC-1α dKO mouse is a valuable model for investigating the role of proteasomal and autophagy clearance in the RPE and in the development of dry AMD. - Pinosylvin Extract Retinari™ Sustains Electrophysiological Function, Prevents Thinning of Retina, and Enhances Cellular Response to Oxidative Stress in NFE2L2 Knockout Mice
A1 Alkuperäisartikkeli tieteellisessä aikakauslehdessä(2021-12-07) Tamminen, Toni; Koskela, Ali; Toropainen, Elisa; Gurubaran, Iswariyaraja Sridevi; Winiarczyk, Mateusz; Liukkonen, Mikko; Paterno, Jussi J.; Lackman, Petri; Sadeghi, Amir; Viiri, Johanna; Hyttinen, Juha M.T.; Koskelainen, Ari; Kaarniranta, KaiChronic oxidative stress eventually leads to protein aggregation in combination with impaired autophagy, which has been observed in age-related macular degeneration. We have previously shown an effective age-related macular degeneration disease model in mice with nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor-2 (NFE2L2) knockout. We have also shown pinosylvin, a polyphenol abundant in bark waste, to increase human retinal pigment epithelium cell viability in vitro. In this work, the effects of commercial natural pinosylvin extract, Retinari™, were studied on the electroretinogram, optical coherence tomogram, autophagic activity, antioxidant capacity, and inflammation markers. Wild-type and NFE2L2 knockout mice were raised until the age of 14.8±3.8 months. They were fed with either regular or Retinari™ chow (141±17.0 mg/kg/day of pinosylvin) for 10 weeks before the assays. Retinari™ treatment preserved significant retinal function with significantly preserved a- A nd b-wave amplitudes in the electroretinogram responses. Additionally, the treatment prevented thinning of the retina in the NFE2L2 knockout mice. The NFE2L2 knockout mice showed reduced ubiquitin-tagged protein accumulation in addition to local upregulation of complement factor H and antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase 1 and catalase. Therefore, the treatment in the NFE2L2 KO disease model led to reduced chronic oxidative stress and sustained retinal function and morphology. Our results demonstrate that pinosylvin supplementation could potentially lower the risk of age-related macular degeneration onset and slow down its progression.