Browsing by Author "Ervasti, Ilpo"
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- Chaos in terminology related to material recycling in paper industry
School of Science | Licentiate thesis(2015) Ervasti, IlpoThe objective of this thesis is to increase understanding of the multiple uses of different terms related to paper industry material recycling. Use of terms related to material recycling in paper board industry is in chaos. Generally accepted, uniform definitions of terms are missing. Material recycling rate cannot be calculated univocally due to great number of different definitions. Often, different terms are being used for the same matter; and often, the same term is being used to refer to different matters. Additionally, at present there is no reliable framework in use to describe paper industry material flows unequivocally. Consequently for example it is not possible to compare geographical regions with each other reliably. There is a need to develop a new, uniform framework and corresponding terminology to describe and quantify paper industry material flows. This new framework could help to better describe, understand, and manage regional and global paper industry material flows uniformly. A univocal framework and uniform terminology is necessary in order to estimate the future raw material demand and in order to compare different regions with each other. When developing a new framework for paper industry material flows, special attention should be paid to material recycling, which plays an increasingly important role in paper manufacturing.In this thesis a comprehensive review of extant terms and frameworks was carried out. An extensive table of terms as well as a list of existing frameworks is presented. Different definitions of terms used in the literature and selected frameworks are compared. Preliminary suggestions for the development of a uniform recycling framework and clarifying the recycling terminology are provided. - Paper Industry Material Recycling - Revealing and Rectifying the Chaos in Terminology
School of Science | Doctoral dissertation (article-based)(2016) Ervasti, IlpoThe objective of this doctoral dissertation was to create guidelines for a comprehensive, uniform terminological system for paper recycling. The uniform system should be such that it can be used globally, cross all geographical regions, and it should meet the needs of all stakeholders in the field. The objective was divided into four sub-objectives. Firstly, to provide a comprehensive analysis of existing terminological systems for paper recycling. Secondly, to provide a comprehensive analysis of existing frameworks for describing the material streams and stages in the paper recycling industry. Thirdly, to create a comprehensive, uniform framework for describing the material streams and stages in the material chain of the paper recycling industry. And, fourthly, to present a method to quantify the material streams and stages in the material chain of the paper industry. An exploratory research approach was used. This approach is appropriate especially when the research problem or research focus is not clear. This dissertation uses both qualitative and quantitative research data. Numerous journal articles, conference papers, books, and other research reports were used as sources of research data. In addition, a wide range of publications by various industry associations and individual companies as well as official and unofficial statistics, and definitions were utilized. It became obvious that a state of chaos exists with respect to how terminology is used in the paper recycling industry. A comprehensive analysis of existing frameworks dealing with material streams and stages related to paper recycling was done. After this, a comprehensive uniform framework for material streams and stages in the paper recycling industry was developed. This framework was named the Detailed Wheel of Fiber. A method for quantifying the different material streams and stages in the paper industry was developed. In this quantification a common denominator, the roundwood equivalent (RWE) was used. - Wood fiber contents of different materials in the paper industry material chain expressed in roundwood equivalents (RWEs)
A1 Alkuperäisartikkeli tieteellisessä aikakauslehdessä(2016) Ervasti, IlpoAt present, there are no means for reliably comparing the wood fiber contents of different material streams within the paper industry material chain with each other. The aim of this article is to introduce conversion factors that make it possible to quantify the volume of wood expressed in roundwood equivalent (RWE) values for different paper industry-related materials in the material chain. These conversion factors apply to wood pulp, paper, and recovered paper. European data are used in quantifying the paper industry material streams and calculating the RWE conversion factors. The introduced conversion factors can be used to estimate RWE volumes at a global scale. With assumption that paper recycling did not occur and that paper production volume remained unchanged, an additional volume of 666 million m(3) RWEs would be required globally per annum to produce 167 million tons of virgin wood pulp to replace 222 million tons of recovered paper utilized by the paper industry in 2010. This volume is approximately the same as 1.6 times the total removal of wood in Europe (EU27), or the total annual removal of wood in the USA, Canada, and Brazil combined.