Browsing by Author "Elo, Tommi"

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  • The case of iOS and Android: Applying system dynamics to digital business platforms
    (2019-01-01) Arzoglou, Ektor; Elo, Tommi; Nikander, Pekka
     A4 Artikkeli konferenssijulkaisussa
    Platforms are multi-sided marketplaces that bring together groups of users that would otherwise not have been able to connect or transact. The app markets for Apple iOS and Google Android are examples of such markets. System dynamics is a powerful method to gain useful insight into environments of dynamic complexity and policy resistance. In this paper, we argue that adapted to the context of digital business platforms, the practice of system dynamics facilitates understanding of the role of incentives in such marketplaces for increasing participation, value generation, and market growth. In particular, we describe our efforts to simulate the market competition between iOS and Android in terms of the interacting markets for devices and their apps.
  • Elements of Antirival Accounting with sNFT
    (2023-06-26) Elo, Tommi; Marttila, Jarno; Cutillas, Sergi; Hakanen, Esko
     A4 Artikkeli konferenssijulkaisussa
    Accounting with antirival tokens, i.e., accounting based on shareable units that gain value with increased use, enables efficient and effective collective action. However, most currencies are rival tokens which can naturally represent — and be exchanged to — rival goods, such as a cup of coffee. Antirival systems of account would be a natural fit for the economy of antirival goods because the logic of value creation and accounting would be compatible. It is challenging to find an allocatively efficient price for antirival goods, such as data, measured in rival units of account. We present an antirival accounting system based on Distributed Ledger Technology (DLT), where the fundamental operation is sharing instead of exchanging and study it with system dynamics models and simulations. We illustrate our arguments by presenting a system known as Streamr Awards that defines three tokens of a fundamentally novel type, shareable non-fungible token (sNFT). We present the functioning of one of these in the work allocation of a self-directed online community.
  • Improving the Privacy of IoT with Decentralised Identifiers (DIDs)
    (2019) Kortesniemi, Yki; Lagutin, Dmitrij; Elo, Tommi; Fotiou, Nikos
     A1 Alkuperäisartikkeli tieteellisessä aikakauslehdessä
    When IoT devices operate not only with the owner of the device but also with third parties, identifying the device using a permanent identifier, e.g., a hardware identifier, can present privacy problems due to the identifier facilitating tracking and correlation attacks. A changeable identifier can be used to reduce the risk on privacy. This paper looks at using decentralised identifiers (DIDs), an upcoming standard of self-sovereign identifiers with multiple competing implementations, with IoT devices. The paper analyses the resource requirements of running DIDs on the IoT devices and finds that even quite small devices can successfully deploy DIDs and proposes that the most constrained devices could rely on a proxy approach. Finally, the privacy benefits and limitations of using DIDs are analysed, with the conclusion that DIDs significantly improve the users’ privacy when utilised properly.
  • IoT European Security and Privacy Projects: Integration, Architectures and Interoperability
    (2018) Ferrera, Enrico; Pastrone, Claudio; Brun, Paul-Emmanuel; De Besombes, Remi; Loupos, Konstantinos; Kouloumpis, Gerasimos; O’Sullivan, Patrick; Papageorgiou, Alexandros; Katsoulakos, Panayiotis; Karakostas, Bill; Mygiakis, Antonis; Stratigaki, Christina; Caglayan, Bora; Starynkevitch, Basile; Skoufis, Christos; Christofi, Stelios; Ferry, Nicolas; Song, Hui; Solberg, Arnor; Matthews, Peter; Skarmeta, Antonio F.; Santa, José; Beliatis, Michail J.; Presser, Mirko A.; Parreira, Josiane X.; Martínez, Juan A.; Barnaghi, Payam; Enshaeifar, Shirin; Iggena, Thorben; Fischer, Marten; Tönjes, Ralf; Strohbach, Martin; Sforzin, Alessandro; Truong, Hien; Soldatos, John; Efremidis, Sofoklis; Koutalieris, Georgios; Gouvas, Panagiotis; Neises, Juergen; Hatzivasilis, George; Askoxylakis, Ioannis; Kulkarni, Vivek; Broering, Arne; Dober, Dariusz; Ramantas, Kostas; Verikoukis, Christos; Posegga, Joachim; Presenza, Domenico; Spanoudakis, George; Pau, Danilo; Gelenbe, Erol; Nowak, Slawomir; Nowak, Mateusz; Czachórski, Tadeusz; Domanska, Joanna; Drosou, Anastasis; Tzovaras, Dimitrios; Elo, Tommi; Paavolainen, Santeri; Lagutin, Dmitrij; Leligou, Helen C.; Trakadas, Panagiotis; Polyzos, George C.
     A3 Kirjan tai muun kokoomateoksen osa
    The chapter presents an overview of the eight that are part of the European IoT Security and Privacy Projects initiative (IoT-ESP) addressing advanced concepts for end-to-end security in highly distributed, heterogeneous and dynamic IoT environments. The approaches presented are holistic and include identification and authentication, data protection and prevention against cyber-attacks at the device and system levels. The projects present architectures, concepts, methods and tools for open IoT platforms integrating evolving sensing, actuating, energy harvesting, networking and Interface technologies. Platforms should provide connectivity and intelligence, actuation and control features, linkage to modular and ad-hoc cloud services, The IoT platforms used are compatible with existing international Developments addressing object identity management, discovery services, virtualisation of objects, devices and infrastructures and trusted IoT approaches.
  • Privacy Paradox in Social Media: A System Dynamics Analysis
    (2022) Arzoglou, Ektor; Kortesniemi, Yki; Ruutu, Sampsa; Elo, Tommi
     A4 Artikkeli konferenssijulkaisussa
    The term ‘privacy paradox’ refers to the apparent inconsistency between people’s concerns about their privacy and their actual privacy behaviour. Although several possible explanations for this phenomenon have been provided so far, these assume that (1) all people share the same privacy concerns and (2) a snapshot at a given point in time is enough to explain the phenomenon. To overcome these limitations, this article presents a system dynamics simulation model that considers the diversity of privacy concerns during the process of social media adoption and identifies the types of situations in which the privacy paradox emerges. The results show that (1) the least concerned minority can induce the more concerned majority to adopt social media and (2) even the most concerned minority can be hindered by the less concerned majority from discarding social media. Both (1) and (2) are types of situations that reflect the privacy paradox.
  • Risks from Spam Attacks on Blockchains for Internet-of-Things Devices
    (2018) Paavolainen, Santeri; Elo, Tommi; Nikander, Pekka
     A4 Artikkeli konferenssijulkaisussa
    There has been increased interest in the use of blockchains to control Internet of Things devices either directly, or through smart contracts. Many blockchains, such as Ethereum and Fabric, have support for smart contracts. The use of public blockchains while attractive due to their decentralization and availability, do pose challenges, such as unpredictable transaction latencies and cryptocurrency price fluctuations. Transactions in the Ethereum network, such as invokations of smart contracts used to control an IoT device, have no fairness or eventuality guarantees. In this work we describe a “spam attack” method available to parties with sufficient cryptocurrency reserves to delay a statistically significant portion of transactions submitted to the Ethereum network. This paper derives estimations on the costs and effects of such an attack, and is based on an analysis of historical transactions.
  • The Role of Privacy Obstacles in Privacy Paradox: A System Dynamics Analysis
    (2023-04-19) Arzoglou, Ektor; Kortesniemi, Yki; Ruutu, Sampsa; Elo, Tommi
     A1 Alkuperäisartikkeli tieteellisessä aikakauslehdessä
    People use social media to achieve particular gratifications despite expressing concerns about the related privacy risks that may lead to negative consequences. This inconsistency between privacy concerns and actual behaviour has been referred to as the privacy paradox. Although several possible explanations for this phenomenon have been provided over the years, they each consider only some of the obstacles that stand in the way of informed and rational privacy decisions, and they usually assume a static situation, thus neglecting the changes taking place over time. To overcome these limitations, this article incorporates all the key privacy obstacles into a qualitative system dynamics model and examines the conditions under which the privacy paradox emerges over time in the context of social media. The results show that the privacy obstacles prevent adequately accounting for the negative consequences by (1) reinforcing gratifications, thus inducing social media adoption and use, while (2) hampering the realisation of (all) negative consequences, thus reducing the motivation for social media discard. Moreover, gratifications kick off early and often seem to dominate even major long-term negative consequences, thereby resulting in users becoming only gradually concerned about privacy, by which time they are usually deeply engaged in the platform to consider discarding, and therefore arriving in a paradoxical situation that seems not viable to escape from (i.e., the boiling frog syndrome). Conversely, major short-term negative consequences are more likely to conflict with gratifications already earlier, thereby resulting in users becoming less engaged, more concerned, and therefore still able to discard the platform, thus resolving the paradoxical situation
  • A Software Implementation of ECDSA on a Java Smart Card
    (2000) Elo, Tommi
     Helsinki University of Technology | Master's thesis
  • Will the data markets necessarily fail?
    (2019) Nikander, Pekka; Elo, Tommi
     Other contribution
    With the billions of Internet of Things devices connected via the 5G and other networks, loads of useful data are produced. However, the majority of these data are disappearing into the silos of cloud and IoT companies. This problem is exacerbated by the current economic system creating perverse incentives that push companies to keep their data private and not to sell or share them. From the society point of view, this leads to severe inefficiencies. More structurally, Adam Smith's invisible hand does not work: in the data markets, the public and private interests are not aligned by the current market forces. Based on these observations, we present a conjecture wherein we state that any attempts to fix the market failure in the data markets within the current economic structures are bound to be inefficient. Only by redefining fundamental economic concepts, such as ownership and money, we can efficiently align the interests, clear the markets, and gain welfare potential. Furthermore, we briefly suggest an urban community currency experiment wherein this conjecture could be empirically tested.