Browsing by Author "Avarmaa, Katri"

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Arvometallien jakautuminen nikkelin liekkisulatuksessa
(2017-03-30) Piskunen, Petteri
Kemian tekniikan korkeakoulu | Master's thesis
Battery scrap and biochar utilization for improved metal recoveries in nickel slag cleaning conditions
(2020-12) Avarmaa, Katri; Järvenpää, Marko; Klemettinen, Lassi; Marjakoski, Miikka; Taskinen, Pekka; Lindberg, Daniel; Jokilaakso, Ari
A1 Alkuperäisartikkeli tieteellisessä aikakauslehdessä
Cobalt is a critical, high-value metal used extensively in batteries and other sustainable technologies. To secure its supply in future, it is utmost important to recover cobalt efficiently from industrial wastes and recycled End-of-Life batteries. This study aims at finding ways to improve the reduction of cobalt as well as valuable metals nickel and copper in nickel slag cleaning furnace conditions by using both traditional fossil-based coke and a more sustainable option, low-CO2 footprint biochar, as reductants. A cobalt-rich fraction of battery scrap (25.5 wt% Co) was also used as a secondary feed. The experimental technique consisted of reduction experiments with different times at 1400◦C under inert atmosphere, quick quenching and Electron Probe X-ray Microanalysis. The use of biochar resulted in faster reaction kinetics in the reduction process, compared to coke. Moreover, the presence of battery scrap had a clear impact on the behavior and reduction kinetics of the elements and/or enhanced settling and separation of matte and slag. The addition of scrap increased notably the distribution coefficients of the valuable metals but consequently also the iron concentration in matte which is the thermodynamic constraint of the slag cleaning process.
Behavior of Nickel as a Trace Element and Time: Dependent Formation of Spinels in WEEE Smelting
(2018) Klemettinen, Lassi; Avarmaa, Katri; Taskinen, Pekka; Jokilaakso, Ari
A4 Artikkeli konferenssijulkaisussa
For better understanding and maximal value utilization of the WEEE smelting process, the behavior and distribution of different trace elements must be known. In this study, the behavior of nickel as a trace element was studied in an equilibrium system with metallic copper—spinel saturated iron silicate slag (with 3 wt-% K2O)—iron aluminous spinel—gas. The experiments were conducted in alumina crucibles at 1300 °C, in oxygen pressure range of 10−10–10−5 atm. A time series of 15–60 min experiments was also conducted for investigating the formation rate of the primary spinel phase in the system. The results show that the distribution coefficient of nickel between metallic copper and liquid slag changes from approximately 70 to 0.4 along the increasing oxygen pressure range. In addition, a significant part of the nickel deports into the spinel phase. The spinel formation was investigated based on composition analysis results and visual observations from SEM-images.
Behavior of tin and antimony in secondary copper smelting process
(2019-01-01) Klemettinen, Lassi; Avarmaa, Katri; O’brien, Hugh; Taskinen, Pekka; Jokilaakso, Ari
A1 Alkuperäisartikkeli tieteellisessä aikakauslehdessä
Different types of metal-bearing wastes, such as WEEE (Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment), are important urban minerals in modern society, and the efficient recycling and reuse of their metal values is of key interest. Pyrometallurgical copper smelting is one of the most prominent ways of treating WEEE, however, more accurate experimental data is needed regarding the behavior of different elements during each process stage. This article investigates the behavior of tin and antimony, both commonly present as trace elements in electrical and electronic waste, in secondary (i.e., sulfur-free) copper smelting conditions. The experiments were conducted in oxygen partial pressure range of 10 −10 –10 −5 atm, covering the different process steps in copper smelting. The basis of the equilibrium system was metallic copper–iron silicate slag, with the addition of alumina and potassium oxide to account for the presence of these compounds in the actual industrial process. The results showed that the distribution coefficients of both trace metals, L Cu/slag = [wt % Me] copper /(wt % Me) slag , increased significantly as a function of decreasing oxygen pressure, and the addition of basic potassium oxide also had an increasing effect on the distribution coefficient. A brief comparison between EPMA and LA-ICP-MS (electron probe microanalysis and laser ablation–inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry), the two in situ analytical techniques used, was also presented and discussed.
Control of Platinum Loss in WEEE Smelting
(2020-07-01) Klemettinen, Lassi; Avarmaa, Katri; O’Brien, Hugh; Jokilaakso, Ari; Taskinen, Pekka
A1 Alkuperäisartikkeli tieteellisessä aikakauslehdessä
In spite of significant economic value, the solubilities of the platinum group and precious metals in metallurgical copper smelting slags are not well known. Recent experimental information on iron-free and low-iron silicate melts indicates that the chemical solubility of platinum is very low, < 1 ppmw (part per million weight). In this study, the concentration of platinum in alumina spinel-saturated iron silicate slags in equilibrium with a solid iron-platinum alloy was measured as a function of oxygen partial pressure at 1300°C. The results were converted to unit activity of platinum by the thermodynamic properties of the iron-platinum alloy formed. This allowed the mechanism of dissolution of platinum in the slag and the forms of platinum species in alumina-rich iron silicate slags in copper scrap smelting and refining conditions to be obtained. Our findings explain some inconsistent results in the geochemical literature by proposing an anionic dissolution mechanism at low oxygen partial pressures in iron-containing silicate slags.
Critical Metals Ga, Ge and In: Experimental Evidence for Smelter Recovery Improvements
(2019-06) Avarmaa, Katri; Klemettinen, Lassi; O'Brien, Hugh; Taskinen, Pekka; Jokilaakso, Ari
A1 Alkuperäisartikkeli tieteellisessä aikakauslehdessä
High-tech metals, including Ga, Ge and In, are critical for the performance of electrical and electronic equipment (EEE). None of these three metals exist in mineable levels in natural minerals, and thus their availability and production are dependent on the primary and secondary base metals (including Zn, Al and Cu) production. To secure the supply of high-tech metals in the future, their behavior, including distribution coefficients (L-Cu/s = [wt% M](in copper)/(wt% M)(in slag)), in primary and secondary processes need to be characterized. This study reports three series of copper-slag distribution experiments for Ga, Ge and In in simulated secondary copper smelting and refining process conditions (T = 1300 degrees C, pO(2) = 10(-9)-10(-5) atm) using a well-developed drop-quench technique followed by EPMA and LA-ICP-MS analyses. This study shows how an analytical technique more traditionally applied to the characterization of ores or minerals can also be applied to metallurgical process investigation. The LA-ICP-MS analysis was used for the first time for measuring the concentrations of these minor elements in metallurgical glasses, i.e., slags, and the results were compared to the geological literature. The distribution coefficient of indium increased as a function of decreasing oxygen partial pressure from 0.03 to 10, whereas the distribution coefficient of gallium was 0.1 at 10(-9) atm and decreased as the pO(2) increased. The concentrations of gallium in slags were between 0.4 and 0.6 wt% and germanium around 1 ppm. Germanium was vaporized almost entirely from the samples.
Distribution of gallium, germanium, indium and tin between lead bullion and slag
(2016-03-08) Yliaho, Simon
Kemian tekniikan korkeakoulu | Master's thesis
This work examines the distribution of the trace elements gallium, germanium, indium and tin at lead smelting conditions. First part of the work is a literature overview and the latter part is an experimental part where a laboratory work on the distribution of the trace elements between lead and slag is presented. The work is concentrating on modern direct smelting technologies, because these are the promising technologies for the future. The experimental work was performed at 1150 °C (1423 K). The aim of the work is to research how the elements distribute when the oxygen partial pressure is changed. Oxygen partial pressures used in the experiments (10-7-10-12 atm) are around the same values that are used in industrial processes. The experimental method employed consists of three main stages: equilibration at high temperature, fast quenching and EPMA-analyses. The EPMA-analyses were implemented by the Geological survey of Finland (GTK). A pseudo-wollastonite crucible was used to hold the lead and slag. The conclusions were that gallium dissolves in the slag, germanium has the oxidation state Ge2+ during reducing conditions and Ge+ during oxidating conditions, indium has the oxidation state In2+ and tin has the oxidation state close to Sn2+. The distribution coefficients were 0.01-0.8 for gallium, 0.1-8 for germanium, 0.003-11 for indium and 0.002-4 for tin. The concentrations were close to the detection limits but it was possible to make conclusions from the results.
Distribution of Ni, Co, Precious, and Platinum Group Metals in Copper Making Process
(2019-08-15) Sukhomlinov, Dmitry; Klemettinen, Lassi; Avarmaa, Katri; O’Brien, Hugh; Taskinen, Pekka; Jokilaakso, Ari
A1 Alkuperäisartikkeli tieteellisessä aikakauslehdessä
The distribution coefficients of Ni, Co, Ag, Au, Pt, and Pd between molten copper and silica-saturated iron silicate slags (LMeCu/s) were measured experimentally. The distribution behaviors were studied under typical conditions of copper converting and fire refining, i.e., from 1250 °C to 1350 °C, and from 10 −8 to 10 −4 atm oxygen partial pressure. The coefficients were determined as the ratios of the trace element weight concentrations measured in situ, directly from the equilibrated metal and slag phases. For the quantitative elemental analysis of the phases, state-of-the-art analytic techniques, including electron probe microanalysis and laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry, were employed. The distribution coefficients LMeCu/s determined can be arranged in the following order: Pt > Au > Pd >> Ag > (Cu) > Ni > Co > (Fe).
Distribution of precious metals between copper matte and slag
(2013) Avarmaa, Katri
School of Chemical Engineering | Master's thesis
Equilibrium of Copper Matte and Silica-Saturated Iron Silicate Slags at 1300 °C and PSO2 of 0.5 atm
(2020-10-01) Chen, Min; Avarmaa, Katri; Klemettinen, Lassi; Shi, Junjie; Taskinen, Pekka; Lindberg, Daniel; Jokilaakso, Ari
A1 Alkuperäisartikkeli tieteellisessä aikakauslehdessä
Experimental study on the phase equilibria between copper matte with silica-saturated iron silicate slags was conducted at 1300 °C and PSO2 = 0.5 atm. The high-temperature isothermal equilibration in silica crucibles under controlled flowing CO-CO2-SO2-Ar was followed by quenching in an ice–water mixture and direct phase composition analyses by an electron probe X-ray microanalyzer. The equilibrium compositions for matte and slag, as well as the distribution coefficients, were displayed as a function of matte grade. The data set obtained at PSO2 = 0.5 atm and the previous study at PSO2 = 0.1 atm by the authors enabled an investigation on the impacts of PSO2 as well as Al2O3 and CaO additions on phase equilibria in the multiphase copper matte smelting system. Thermodynamic calculations using MTDATA software were performed to compare the experimental results with modeling. The present results enrich the fundamental thermodynamic information for the matte/slag/tridymite/gas equilibria in the primary copper smelting process at high PSO2.
An experimental study on the phase equilibria of FeOx-saturated iron silicate slags and metallic copper alloys at 1200–1300 °C
(2022-06) Chen, Min; Avarmaa, Katri; Taskinen, Pekka; Michallik, Radoslaw; Jokilaakso, Ari
A1 Alkuperäisartikkeli tieteellisessä aikakauslehdessä
The equilibrium phase relations between metallic copper alloys and magnetite/wüstite-saturated iron silicate slags were investigated at 1200–1300 °C and PO2 of 10−10 to 10−6.5 atm. The experiments involved high-temperature equilibration of samples in a controlled CO–CO2 atmosphere, followed by rapid drop quenching and direct measurement of the phase composition using the electron probe microanalysis technique. The equilibrium compositions for the metal and slag phase at different temperatures were displayed as a function of PO2. The present experimental results were compared with data from the literature as well as the thermodynamic assessment using MTDATA thermodynamic software. The present results contribute to the improvement of copper matte and black copper converting and slag cleaning processes.
Experimental Study on the Phase Equilibrium of Copper Matte and Silica-Saturated FeO x-SiO2-Based Slags in Pyrometallurgical WEEE Processing
(2020-08-01) Chen, Min; Avarmaa, Katri; Klemettinen, Lassi; Shi, Junjie; Taskinen, Pekka; Jokilaakso, Ari
A1 Alkuperäisartikkeli tieteellisessä aikakauslehdessä
The effects of the amphoteric and basic oxides alumina and lime on the phase equilibria of copper matte and silica-saturated slags were investigated at 1300 °C and PSO2 = 0.1 atm in a controlled CO-CO2-SO2-Ar gas atmosphere using a high-temperature isothermal equilibration technique followed by rapid quenching. The equilibrium phase compositions were obtained by Electron Probe X-ray Microanalysis. The relationship between the copper concentration in matte and the oxygen partial pressure, iron, and sulfur in matte was quantified. The pure iron-silicate slag exhibited the highest copper loss in slag, although the addition of alumina and lime decreased its value by approximately a quarter and a half, respectively, at a matte grade of 65 wt pct Cu. In contrast, copper and sulfur were highly distributed in the matte phase, and their deportment to the matte was favored by addition of alumina and lime.
Fundamental Process Equilibria of Base and Trace Elements in the DON Smelting of Various Nickel Concentrates
(2018) Taskinen, Pekka; Avarmaa, Katri; Johto, Hannu; Latostenmaa, Petri
A4 Artikkeli konferenssijulkaisussa
The converter-less nickel matte smelting technology (DON) adopted more than 20 years ago in Boliden Harjavalta smelter has been since that applied successfully to the processing of large number of nickel sulphide concentrates of various Ni-to-Cu ratios and MgO contents. The operational point of the technology is far from the conventional primary nickel smelting in the smelting-converting route. Therefore, a careful scouting of distribution equilibria of the base and trace elements in the smelting conditions of DON process has been conducted, in order to obtain quantitative information about the equilibria and thermodynamic properties of the nickel mattes at low iron concentrations, less than 10 wt% [Fe] in matte. The series of investigations has included novel experimental and analytical techniques for increasing the reliability and sensitivity of the phase equilibria as well as the element distribution observations carried out in typical high-grade nickel matte smelting conditions.
Handling trace elements in WEEE recycling through copper smelting-an experimental and thermodynamic study
(2021-11-01) Chen, Min; Avarmaa, Katri; Taskinen, Pekka; Klemettinen, Lassi; Michallik, Radoslaw; O'Brien, Hugh; Jokilaakso, Ari
A1 Alkuperäisartikkeli tieteellisessä aikakauslehdessä
Recycling of waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) is attracting increasing attention, due to the presence of valuable metals and the risk of environmental emissions associated with WEEE disposal. In this study, the distributions of trace elements (Ag, Ni, Co, and Sn) between copper alloy and magnetite/wüstite-saturated iron silicate slags were investigated at 1200–1300 °C and PO2 of 10-10-10-6.5 atm, simulating the conditions of WEEE reprocessing through secondary copper smelting and converting. The high-temperature isothermal equilibration experiments were conducted in synthesized magnetite/wüstite crucibles under controlled CO-CO2 atmospheres followed by quenching in an ice-water mixture. The phase compositions and concentrations of the trace elements in copper alloy, magnetite/wüstite, and slag were determined by Electron Probe X-ray Microanalysis and Laser Ablation-High-Resolution Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry. The distribution coefficients of all investigated trace elements between copper alloy and slag increased with decreasing oxygen partial pressure and increasing temperature. Ag distributed strongly into the copper alloy at all conditions, whereas Co mainly deported into the slag phase. Ni and Sn were concentrated in the alloy at lower PO2 and in the slag at higher PO2. Varying concentrations of Ni, Co, and Sn were also dissolved into the solid magnetite/wüstite phase.
Improving reduction kinetics and cobalt recovery in nickel slag cleaning furnace conditions
(2020-03-17) Järvenpää, Marko
Kemian tekniikan korkeakoulu | Master's thesis
The aim of this thesis was to investigate and find ways to improve kinetics and recovery of cobalt in electric arc furnace (EAF) conditions with different reducing agents. Furthermore, by improving kinetics and the recovery of cobalt the quality of the final products and the gained revenues can be enhanced. Moreover, the dependency on fossil fuels can be decreased by utilizing biochar instead of coke as a reducing agent. The experimental technique employed consisted of reduction experiments, quick quenching and EPMA analysis. In total, 19 experiments with FSF slag were conducted in 1400 °C temperature under inert argon gas atmosphere. The experiments were divided into 6 series based on the reductant and scrap usage. First series was executed without reductant, second and fourth series was executed with coke reductant, third and fifth series with biochar reductant and sixth series with coke/biochar reductant mixture. Fourth and fifth series included Co-rich scrap addition. Four different reduction times (7.5, 15, 30 and 60 min) were applied for mixture series. The reaction kinetics in reduction process seems to have been improved by biochar compared to coke. This was expected result because biochar has much higher reactivity compared to coke. From industrial perspective this could mean that shifting to biochar would shorten the reduction time in the EF. This would further require a time limit for reduction or adjusting the amount of reductant to lower levels, because not only Ni and Co are reduced faster but also Fe is reduced faster. Too high Fe concentration in metal phase would be problematic in the subsequent hydrometallurgical treatment. The results suggest that addition of Co-rich scrap to the FSF slag before reduction would enhance the reduction rate of all the metals in the FSF slag. It is fair to conclude that cobalt from the scrap addition can be efficiently recovered.
The Influence of Aluminum on Indium and Tin Behaviour during Secondary Copper Smelting
(2018) Avarmaa, Katri; Taskinen, Pekka
A4 Artikkeli konferenssijulkaisussa
Aluminum and copper are large volume metals in electronic appliances, while tin and indium exist as common minor elements. All of these non-ferrous metals are aimed to be separated and recycled from the end-of-life electronics into non-ferrous scrap fraction(s), and further through pyrometallurgical and/or hydrometallurgical processes to pure metals. Depending on the mechanical pre-treatment processes, aluminum and copper liberation from each other varies. This study focuses on the influence of alumina on indium and tin distributions between copper alloy and iron silicate slags with 0, 9 and ~16 wt% of Al2O3. The experiments were executed with an equilibration-quenching-EPMA technique in an oxygen pressure range of 10−10–10−5 atm at 1300 ℃. The metal-slag distribution coefficient of indium remains constant as a function of alumina in slag, while that of tin increases. Therefore, aluminum in feed or alumina addition to the slag improves the recovery of tin into copper. Nevertheless, oxygen pressure has clearly more significant influence on the behavior of both the metals in the smelting conditions.
Investigation on the Matte/Slag/Spinel/Gas Equilibria in the Cu-Fe-O-S-SiO2-(CaO, Al2O3) system at 1250 °C and pSO2 of 0.25 atm
(2023) Chen, Min; Avarmaa, Katri; Taskinen, Pekka; Michallik, Radoslaw; Jokilaakso, Ari
A1 Alkuperäisartikkeli tieteellisessä aikakauslehdessä
The equilibrium-phase relations between copper mattes and spinel-saturated iron silicate slags were investigated at 1250°C and pSO2 of 0.25 atm. The experiments were conducted in synthesized spinel crucibles (Fe3O4) in controlled CO-CO2-SO2-Ar gas mixtures using a high-temperature isothermal equilibration/quenching technique. The equilibrium-phase compositions were characterized using an electron probe X-ray microanalyzer. The compositions of matte and slag were displayed as a function of matte grade or oxygen partial pressure. The present results obtained at spinel saturation in the matte-slag equilibrium system were compared with observations in the literature. This study improves the experimental thermodynamic data on the matte-slag-spinel-gas equilibria systems.
Iron activity measurements and spinel-slag equilibria in alumina-bearing iron silicate slags
(2021-02-25) Klemettinen, Lassi; Avarmaa, Katri; Jokilaakso, Ari; Taskinen, Pekka
A1 Alkuperäisartikkeli tieteellisessä aikakauslehdessä
Alumina is a common substance deporting in copper smelting slags when various secondary copper fractions, e.g. e-scrap or WEEE, are used as feedstock as such or along with primary sulphide concentrates. Properties of iron-silicate slags at high alumina concentrations, in the iron-alumina spinel saturation, have been studied at 1300 °C by a high temperature equilibration-quenching method combined with EPMA (electron probe microanalysis) phase composition data from the polished sections. The equilibrations were performed in fixed oxygen activity with platinum or palladium powder, which dissolved iron from the slag and generated a heterogeneous equilibrium system, characterised by the general equilibrium criterium in isothermal and isobaric conditions, as. μalloy(Fe) = μslag(Fe) = μspinel(Fe). This criterium was used for measuring experimentally iron activities of molten silicate slags. The locations of the spinel-liquid slag tie-lines were also determined in the oxygen partial pressure range of 10−6–10−10 atm. A comparison with the recent critical thermodynamic assessments of the Fe–O–Al2O3 system indicates that the iron-alumina spinel-corundum phase boundary in silica-containing systems as a function of oxygen partial pressure is too steep and thus the assessed databases do not match with the experimental data of this study. The liquid slag domain from silica to iron oxide saturation is also smaller than expected earlier, as the spinel primary phase boundary locates at higher silica concentrations than e.g. obtained in the assessments of the Mtox database.
Jalometallien jakautuminen kuparikiven ja kuonan välillä
(2014-02-11) Avarmaa, Katri
Kemian tekniikan korkeakoulu | Master's thesis
Kokeellinen hivenainepitoisuuksien määritys kupari-kuona tasapainoista laserablaatiomenetelmällä
(2017-02-13) Klemettinen, Lassi
Kemian tekniikan korkeakoulu | Master's thesis
Sekundääriset kuparin lähteet, kuten sähkö- ja elektroniikkaromu (lyhenne SER, engl. WEEE), ovat nousseet tärkeään rooliin kuparin tuotannossa. WEEE-romun määrä kasvaa jatkuvasti sähkö- ja elektroniikkalaitteiden käyttöiän lyhentyessä ja elintason noustessa. Erilaisten säädösten ja kiertotalouteen pyrkimisen myötä tämän romun käsittelyyn on kiinnitettävä erityistä huomiota, jotta sen sisältämät metallit ja muut aineet saadaan talteen mahdollisimman tehokkaasti. Tämä on haastavaa, sillä WEEE-romussa on kymmeniä eri metalleja vaihtelevina pitoisuuksina. Yhtenä varteenotettavana prosessointireittinä ovat pyrometallurgiset prosessit, joissa kupari toimii perusmetallina ja muut (hivenaine)metallit jakautuvat sulatuksen aikana kuparin, kuonan ja kaasufaasin välille metallien ominaisuuksista riippuvassa suhteessa. Tämän työn tarkoituksena oli tutkia lyijyn, molybdeenin, reniumin ja iridiumin jakautumista sekundäärisessä kuparin sulatusprosessissa sekä pohtia erityisesti LA-ICP-MS-menetelmän etuja ja haasteita näiden metallien faasikohtaisten pitoisuuksien määrityksessä. Koemenetelmän päävaiheina olivat tasapainotus, nopea sammutus ja suora faasikoostumu-sanalyysi EPMA- ja LA-ICP-MS-menetelmillä. Kokeet suoritettiin 1300 °C lämpötilassa 16 tunnin tasapainotusajalla, hapen osapainealueella 10-10 – 10-5 atm. Metallien jakaumia tutkittiin kuparin, FeOx-SiO2-Al2O3 ja FeOx-SiO2-Al2O3-CaO kuonien sekä osittain myös spinellien välillä. Kuonien alumiinioksidi liukeni kokonaisuudessaan kokeissa käytetyistä reagoivista alumiinioksidiupokkaista, jotka muodostivat systeemiin alumiini-rautaspinellikyllästyksen. Haluttu hapen osapaine muodostettiin CO-CO2-kaasuseoksella. Työssä tutkituista metalleista vain iridiumin pitoisuus ylitti EPMA:n määritysrajan kuparifaasissa. Tätä faasia ei voitu analysoida laserilla soveltuvan ulkoisen standardin puutteen vuoksi. Kuonapitoisuudet määritettiin luotettavasti kaikille tutkituille metalleille, ja laseranalyysisignaaleista voitiin todeta metallien liukenevan kuonaan hyvin homogeenisesti. Spinellipitoisuuksista saatiin laseranalyysilla alustavia tuloksia, joiden mukaan liukoisuus spinelleihin on mahdollisesti heterogeenisempaa. Määritettyjen faasikohtaisten pitoisuuksien perusteella iridiumin jakaumakerroin kuparin ja kuonan välillä on noin 106.2 hapen osapainealueella 10-10 – 10-6 atm. Tällä alueella jakaumakertoimen arvo ei näytä juurikaan riippuvan hapen osapaineesta, mikä viittaa iridiumin liukenemiseen metallina. 10-5 atm hapen osapaineessa kuonaliukoisuus kasvaa huomattavasti, jolloin jakaumakertoimen arvo laskee. Tällöin iridium vaikuttaa liukenevan kuonaan oksidimuodossa Ir2O3. Lyijy jakautuu selkeästi kuonaan hapen osapaineen noustessa yli 10-7 atm, kun taas molybdeeni jakautuu voimakkaasti kuonaan kaikilla tutkituilla hapen osapaineilla. Reniumin pitoisuus kuonassa on hyvin matala kaikilla hapen osapaineilla, ja suurin osa siitä vaikuttaa höyrystyvän kaasufaasiin. Reniumia havaittiin kuitenkin kuparifaasin sekaan pelkistävämmissä olosuhteissa muodostuneissa erkaumissa, jotka sisältävät myös iridiumia ja molybdeenia. Jakaumakertoimen todellisesta arvosta tai liukoisuusmuodosta ei voida lyijyn, molybdeenin ja reniumin osalta sanoa mitään varmaa kuparipitoisuuksien puuttuessa. Tulosten perusteella voidaan varmasti sanoa, että jakaumakerroin kuparin ja kuonan välillä on lyijylle < 105 (pO2 10-10 atm) ja < 0.35 (pO2 10-5 atm), molybdeenille < 0.062 ja reniumille < 104.3 koko tutkitulla hapen osapainealueella. Iridium- ja reniumpitoisuudet kuonan sekaan muodostuneissa kiinteissä spinelleissä vaikuttivat olevan moninkertaiset näiden metallien kuonapitoisuuksiin verrattuna.